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<title>Shuttle–Mir program</title>

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Shuttle–Mir program

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</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size: 125%;">Shuttle–Mir program</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">Программа «Мир» — «Шаттл»</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ddf;">Program overview</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data location"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">

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</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li> <a href="Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li><li> <a href="United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Organization</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">

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</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="Russian_Space_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Space Agency">PKA</a></li><li><a href="NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data">Completed</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ddf;">Program history</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First flight</th><td class="infobox-data">February 3, 1994 (<a href="STS-60" title="STS-60">STS-60</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Last flight</th><td class="infobox-data">June 2, 1998 (<a href="STS-91" title="STS-91">STS-91</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launch site(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy Space Center</a></li><li><a href="Baikonur_Cosmodrome" title="Baikonur Cosmodrome">Baikonur</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ddf;">Vehicle information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Crewed vehicle(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a></li><li><a href="Mir" title="Mir">Mir</a></li><li><a href="Soyuz_(spacecraft)" title="Soyuz (spacecraft)">Soyuz</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table>

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</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding: 0 0.2em; font-size: 120%"><a href="Space_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Space policy of the United States">United States space program</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa; background: transparent; padding-left: 5px; padding-top: 3px; font-size: 95%">

<div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a></li><li><a href="United_States_Space_Force" title="United States Space Force">U.S. Space Force</a></li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa; background: transparent; text-align: left; padding-left: 5px; padding-top: 3px;color: var(--color-base)">Human spaceflight programs</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Project_Mercury" title="Project Mercury">Mercury</a></li>

<li><a href="Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Gemini</a></li>

<li><a href="Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo</a></li>

<li><a href="Skylab" title="Skylab">Skylab</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_Shuttle_program" title="Space Shuttle program">Space Shuttle</a>

<ul><li><a href="Shuttle-Mir_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Shuttle-Mir Program">Shuttle–Mir</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="International_Space_Station_program" class="mw-redirect" title="International Space Station program">International Space Station</a>

<ul><li><a href="Commercial_Crew_Program" title="Commercial Crew Program">Commercial Crew</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Constellation_program" title="Constellation program">Constellation</a></li>

<li><a href="Artemis_program" title="Artemis program">Artemis</a></li>

<li><a href="Lunar_Gateway" title="Lunar Gateway">Lunar Gateway</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa; background: transparent; text-align: left; padding-left: 5px; padding-top: 3px;color: var(--color-base)">Robotic spaceflight programs</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">

<li><a href="Explorers_Program" title="Explorers Program">Explorers</a></li>

<li><a href="Large_Strategic_Science_Missions" class="mw-redirect" title="Large Strategic Science Missions">Large Strategic</a></li>

<li><a href="Lunar_Orbiter_program" title="Lunar Orbiter program">Lunar Orbiter</a></li>

<li><a href="Lunar_Precursor_Robotic_Program" title="Lunar Precursor Robotic Program">Lunar Precursor</a></li>

<li><a href="Mariner_program" title="Mariner program">Mariner</a></li>

<li><a href="Mars_Exploration_Program" title="Mars Exploration Program">Mars Exploration</a></li>

<li><a href="New_Millennium_program" class="mw-redirect" title="New Millennium program">New Millennium</a></li>

<li><a href="Pioneer_program" title="Pioneer program">Pioneer</a></li>

<li><a href="Planetary_Missions_Program_Office" title="Planetary Missions Program Office">Planetary Missions</a>

<ul><li><a href="Discovery_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Discovery program">Discovery</a></li>

<li><a href="New_Frontiers_program" title="New Frontiers program">New Frontiers</a></li>

<li><a href="Planetary_Missions_Program_Office#Solar_System_Exploration" title="Planetary Missions Program Office">Solar System Exploration</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Planetary_Observer_program" title="Planetary Observer program">Planetary Observer</a></li>

<li><a href="Ranger_program" title="Ranger program">Ranger</a></li>

<li><a href="Surveyor_program" title="Surveyor program">Surveyor</a></li>

<li><a href="Project_Vanguard" title="Project Vanguard">Vanguard</a></li>

<li><a href="Viking_program" title="Viking program">Viking</a></li>

<li><a href="Voyager_program" title="Voyager program">Voyager</a></li>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa; background: transparent; text-align: left; padding-left: 5px; padding-top: 3px;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="NASA_Astronaut_Corps" title="NASA Astronaut Corps">NASA Astronaut Corps</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Mercury_Seven" title="Mercury Seven">Mercury</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Gemini_astronauts" title="List of Gemini astronauts">Gemini</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Apollo_astronauts" title="List of Apollo astronauts">Apollo</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Space_Shuttle_crews" title="List of Space Shuttle crews">Space Shuttle</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa; background: transparent; text-align: left; padding-left: 5px; padding-top: 3px;color: var(--color-base)">Spaceports</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Eastern_Range" title="Eastern Range">Eastern Range</a>

<ul><li><a href="Cape_Canaveral_Space_Force_Station" title="Cape Canaveral Space Force Station">Cape Canaveral Space Force Station</a></li>

<li><a href="Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy Space Center</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Wallops_Flight_Facility" title="Wallops Flight Facility">Wallops Flight Facility</a>

<ul><li><a href="Mid-Atlantic_Regional_Spaceport" title="Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport">Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Pacific_Spaceport_Complex_%E2%80%93_Alaska" title="Pacific Spaceport Complex – Alaska">Pacific Spaceport Complex – Alaska</a></li>

<li><a href="Western_Range_(USSF)" title="Western Range (USSF)">Western Range</a>

<ul><li><a href="Vandenberg_Space_Force_Base" title="Vandenberg Space Force Base">Vandenberg Space Force Base</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa; background: transparent; text-align: left; padding-left: 5px; padding-top: 3px;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="List_of_orbital_launch_systems#United_States" title="List of orbital launch systems">Space launch vehicles</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Firefly_Alpha" title="Firefly Alpha">Alpha</a></li>

<li><a href="Antares_(rocket)" title="Antares (rocket)">Antares</a></li>

<li><a href="Atlas_V" title="Atlas V">Atlas V</a></li>

<li><a href="Rocket_Lab_Electron" title="Rocket Lab Electron">Electron</a></li>

<li><a href="Falcon_9" title="Falcon 9">Falcon 9</a></li>

<li><a href="Falcon_Heavy" title="Falcon Heavy">Falcon Heavy</a></li>

<li><a href="LauncherOne" title="LauncherOne">LauncherOne</a></li>

<li><a href="Minotaur_(rocket_family)" title="Minotaur (rocket family)">Minotaur</a>

<li><a href="New_Glenn" title="New Glenn">New Glenn</a></li>

<li><a href="New_Shepard" title="New Shepard">New Shepard</a></li>

<li><a href="Northrop_Grumman_Pegasus" title="Northrop Grumman Pegasus">Pegasus</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_Launch_System" title="Space Launch System">Space Launch System</a></li>

<li><a href="SpaceX_Starship" title="SpaceX Starship">Starship</a></li>

<li><a href="Vulcan_Centaur" title="Vulcan Centaur">Vulcan Centaur</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa; background: transparent; text-align: left; padding-left: 5px; padding-top: 3px;color: var(--color-base)">National security space</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">

<ul><li><a href="United_States_Space_Force" title="United States Space Force">United States Space Force</a></li>

<li><a href="National_Reconnaissance_Office" title="National Reconnaissance Office">National Reconnaissance Office</a></li>

<li><a href="United_States_Space_Command" title="United States Space Command">United States Space Command</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa; background: transparent; text-align: left; padding-left: 5px; padding-top: 3px;color: var(--color-base)">Civil space</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">

<ul><li><a href="United_States_Department_of_Energy_national_laboratories" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Department of Energy national laboratories">Department of Energy national laboratories</a></li>

<li><a href="Federal_Aviation_Administration" title="Federal Aviation Administration">Federal Aviation Administration</a>

<ul><li><a href="Office_of_Commercial_Space_Transportation" title="Office of Commercial Space Transportation">Office of Commercial Space Transportation</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a>

<ul><li><a href="National_Environmental_Satellite%2C_Data%2C_and_Information_Service" title="National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service">National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service</a></li>

<li><a href="Office_of_Space_Commerce" title="Office of Space Commerce">Office of Space Commerce</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_Weather_Prediction_Center" title="Space Weather Prediction Center">Space Weather Prediction Center</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Under_Secretary_of_State_for_Economic_Growth%2C_Energy%2C_and_the_Environment" title="Under Secretary of State for Economic Growth, Energy, and the Environment">Department of State Office of Space Affairs</a></li>

<li><a href="Office_of_Science_and_Technology_Policy" title="Office of Science and Technology Policy">Office of Science and Technology Policy</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa; background: transparent; text-align: left; padding-left: 5px; padding-top: 3px;color: var(--color-base)">Commercial space industry</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Astra_(American_spaceflight_company)" title="Astra (American spaceflight company)">Astra</a></li>

<li><a href="Ball_Aerospace_%26_Technologies" title="Ball Aerospace & Technologies">Ball Aerospace</a></li>

<li><a href="Bigelow_Aerospace" title="Bigelow Aerospace">Bigelow Aerospace</a></li>

<li><a href="Blue_Origin" title="Blue Origin">Blue Origin</a></li>

<li><a href="Boeing_Defense%2C_Space_%26_Security" title="Boeing Defense, Space & Security">Boeing</a></li>

<li><a href="Firefly_Aerospace" title="Firefly Aerospace">Firefly Aerospace</a></li>

<li><a href="Lockheed_Martin_Space" title="Lockheed Martin Space">Lockheed Martin</a></li>

<li><a href="Raytheon_Intelligence_%26_Space" title="Raytheon Intelligence & Space">Raytheon</a></li>

<li><a href="Rocket_Lab" title="Rocket Lab">Rocket Lab</a></li>

<li><a href="Northrop_Grumman_Innovation_Systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Northrop Grumman Innovation Systems">Northrop Grumman</a></li>

<li><a href="Sierra_Nevada_Corporation" title="Sierra Nevada Corporation">Sierra Nevada Corporation</a></li>

<li><a href="SpaceX" title="SpaceX">SpaceX</a></li>

<li><a href="United_Launch_Alliance" title="United Launch Alliance">United Launch Alliance</a></li>

<li><a href="Virgin_Galactic" title="Virgin Galactic">Virgin Galactic</a></li>

<li><a href="Virgin_Orbit" title="Virgin Orbit">Virgin Orbit</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

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<table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series of articles on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviet space program</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding: 0px 5px 5px 5px">

<ul><li><a href="Soviet_crewed_lunar_programs" title="Soviet crewed lunar programs">Soviet crewed lunar programs</a></li>

<li><a href="Luna_programme" title="Luna programme">Luna program</a></li></ul></td>

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<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Human_spaceflight_programs" title="Human spaceflight programs">Human spaceflight programs</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Vostok_programme" title="Vostok programme">Vostok</a></li>

<li><a href="Voskhod_programme" title="Voskhod programme">Voskhod</a></li>

<li><a href="Soyuz_programme" title="Soyuz programme">Soyuz</a></li>

<li><a href="Salyut_programme" title="Salyut programme">Salyut</a></li>

<li><a href="Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz" title="Apollo–Soyuz">Apollo–Soyuz</a> (joint)</li>

<li><a href="Zond_program" title="Zond program">Zond</a> (lunar Soyuz 7K-L1)</li>

<li><a href="N1-L3" class="mw-redirect" title="N1-L3">N1-L3</a> (Moon landing)</li>

<li><a href="TMK" title="TMK">TMK</a> (Mars flyby)</li>

<li><a href="Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-105" title="Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-105">Spiral</a></li>

<li><a href="Almaz" title="Almaz">Almaz</a> / <a href="TKS_(spacecraft)" title="TKS (spacecraft)">TKS</a></li>

<li><a href="Energia_(rocket)" title="Energia (rocket)">Energia</a> / <a href="Buran_programme" title="Buran programme">Buran</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Space_probe" class="mw-redirect" title="Space probe">Space probes</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Sputnik_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Sputnik program">Sputnik program</a></li>

<li><a href="Kosmos_(satellite)" title="Kosmos (satellite)">Kosmos</a></li>

<li><a href="GLONASS" title="GLONASS">GLONASS</a></li>

<li><a href="Molniya_(satellite)" title="Molniya (satellite)">Molniya</a></li>

<li><a href="Meteor_(satellite)" title="Meteor (satellite)">Meteor</a></li>

<li><a href="Zenit_(satellite)" title="Zenit (satellite)">Zenit</a></li>

<li><a href="Luna_programme" title="Luna programme">Luna program</a></li>

<li><a href="Zond_program" title="Zond program">Zond program</a></li>

<li><a href="Lunokhod_programme" title="Lunokhod programme">Lunokhod program</a></li>

<li><a href="Mars_program" title="Mars program">Mars program</a></li>

<li><a href="Phobos_program" title="Phobos program">Phobos program</a></li>

<li><a href="Mars_1M" title="Mars 1M">Marsnik program</a></li>

<li><a href="Astron_(spacecraft)" title="Astron (spacecraft)">Astron (spacecraft)</a></li>

<li><a href="Orion_1_and_Orion_2_Space_Observatories" class="mw-redirect" title="Orion 1 and Orion 2 Space Observatories">Orion 1 and Orion 2 Space Observatories</a></li>

<li><a href="RELIKT-1" title="RELIKT-1">RELIKT-1</a></li>

<li><a href="Venera" title="Venera">Venera</a></li>

<li><a href="Vega_program" title="Vega program">Vega program</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Expendable_launch_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Expendable launch vehicle">Expendable launch vehicles</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Kosmos-3M" title="Kosmos-3M">Kosmos-3M</a></li>

<li><a href="Molniya-M" title="Molniya-M">Molniya-M</a></li>

<li><a href="Proton_(rocket_family)" title="Proton (rocket family)">Proton</a>

<li><a href="Soyuz_(rocket_family)" title="Soyuz (rocket family)">Soyuz</a>

<li><a href="Zenit_(rocket_family)" title="Zenit (rocket family)">Zenit</a>

<li><a href="Energia_(rocket)" title="Energia (rocket)">Energia</a></li>

<li><a href="Kosmos_(rocket_family)" title="Kosmos (rocket family)">Kosmos</a>

<li><a href="Molniya_(rocket)" title="Molniya (rocket)">Molniya</a></li>

<li><a href="Polyot_(rocket)" title="Polyot (rocket)">Polyot</a></li>

<li><a href="Soyuz_(rocket)" title="Soyuz (rocket)">Soyuz</a>

<li><a href="Soyuz/Vostok" title="Soyuz/Vostok">Soyuz/Vostok</a></li>

<li><a href="Sputnik_(rocket)" title="Sputnik (rocket)">Sputnik</a></li>

<li><a href="Voskhod_(rocket)" title="Voskhod (rocket)">Voskhod</a></li>

<li><a href="Vostok_(rocket_family)" title="Vostok (rocket family)">Vostok</a>

<li><a href="Tsyklon" title="Tsyklon">Tsyklon</a>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Notable figures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Konstantin_Tsiolkovsky" title="Konstantin Tsiolkovsky">Konstantin Tsiolkovsky</a></li>

<li><a href="Friedrich_Zander" title="Friedrich Zander">Friedrich Zander</a></li>

<li><a href="Mstislav_Keldysh" title="Mstislav Keldysh">Mstislav Keldysh</a></li>

<li><a href="Sergei_Korolev" title="Sergei Korolev">Sergei Korolev</a></li>

<li><a href="Laika" title="Laika">Laika</a></li>

<li><a href="Yuri_Gagarin" title="Yuri Gagarin">Yuri Gagarin</a></li>

<li><a href="Alexander_Kemurdzhian" title="Alexander Kemurdzhian">Alexander Kemurdzhian</a></li>

<li><a href="Valentina_Tereshkova" title="Valentina Tereshkova">Valentina Tereshkova</a></li>

<li><a href="Alexei_Leonov" title="Alexei Leonov">Alexei Leonov</a></li>

<li><a href="Konstantin_Feoktistov" title="Konstantin Feoktistov">Konstantin Feoktistov</a></li>

<li><a href="Mikhail_Tikhonravov" title="Mikhail Tikhonravov">Mikhail Tikhonravov</a></li>

<li><a href="Mikhail_Yangel" title="Mikhail Yangel">Mikhail Yangel</a></li>

<li><a href="Valentin_Glushko" title="Valentin Glushko">Valentin Glushko</a></li>

<li><a href="Vladimir_Chelomey" title="Vladimir Chelomey">Vladimir Chelomey</a></li>

<li><a href="Kerim_Kerimov" title="Kerim Kerimov">Kerim Kerimov</a></li>

<li><a href="Vasily_Mishin" title="Vasily Mishin">Vasily Mishin</a></li>

<li><a href="Boris_Chertok" title="Boris Chertok">Boris Chertok</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Cosmonauts" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmonauts">Cosmonauts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_cosmonauts" title="List of cosmonauts">List of Soviet and Russian cosmonauts</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"></td></tr></tbody></table>

The Shuttle–Mir program (<a href="Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: Программа «Мир»–«Шаттл»)<a href="#cite_note-1">[a]</a> was a collaborative space program between Russia and the United States that involved American <a href="Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttles</a> visiting the Russian <a href="Space_station" title="Space station">space station</a> <a href="Mir" title="Mir">Mir</a>, Russian cosmonauts flying on the Shuttle, and an American astronaut flying aboard a <a href="Soyuz_(spacecraft)" title="Soyuz (spacecraft)">Soyuz spacecraft</a> to allow American astronauts to engage in long-duration expeditions aboard Mir.

The project, sometimes called "Phase One", was intended to allow the United States to learn from Russian experience with long-duration spaceflight and to foster a spirit of cooperation between the two nations and their <a href="List_of_space_agencies" class="mw-redirect" title="List of space agencies">space agencies</a>, the <a href="NASA" title="NASA">National Aeronautics and Space Administration</a> (NASA) and the <a href="Russian_Space_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Space Agency">Russian Space Agency</a> (PKA). The project helped to prepare the way for further cooperative space ventures; specifically, "Phase Two" of the joint project, the construction of the <a href="International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a> (ISS). The program was announced in 1993, the first mission started in 1994 and the project continued until its scheduled completion in 1998. Eleven Space Shuttle missions, a joint Soyuz flight and almost 1,000 cumulative days in space for American astronauts occurred over the course of seven long-duration expeditions. In addition to Space Shuttle launches to Mir the United States also fully funded and equipped with scientific equipment the <a href="Spektr" title="Spektr">Spektr</a> module (launched in 1995) and the <a href="Priroda" title="Priroda">Priroda</a> module (launched in 1996), making them de facto U.S. modules during the duration of the Shuttle-Mir program.<a href="#cite_note-2">[1]</a>

During the four-year program, many firsts in <a href="Spaceflight" title="Spaceflight">spaceflight</a> were achieved by the two nations, including the first American astronaut to launch aboard a Soyuz spacecraft, the largest <a href="Spacecraft" title="Spacecraft">spacecraft</a> ever to have been assembled at that time in history, and the first American <a href="Spacewalk" class="mw-redirect" title="Spacewalk">spacewalk</a> using a Russian <a href="Orlan_space_suits" class="mw-redirect" title="Orlan space suits">Orlan spacesuit</a>.

The program was marred by various concerns, notably the safety of Mir following a fire, a Russian spacecraft colliding with Spektr rendering it uninhabitable, financial issues with the cash-strapped Russian space program and worries from astronauts about the attitudes of the program administrators. Nevertheless, a large amount of science, expertise in space station construction and knowledge in working in a cooperative space venture was gained from the combined operations, allowing the construction of the ISS to proceed much more smoothly than would have otherwise been the case.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2></div>

The origins of the Shuttle–Mir program can be traced back to the 1975 <a href="Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz_Test_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollo–Soyuz Test Project">Apollo–Soyuz Test Project</a>, that resulted in a joint US/Soviet mission during the <a href="D%C3%A9tente" title="Détente">détente</a> period of the <a href="Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> and the docking between a US Apollo spacecraft and a Soviet Soyuz spacecraft. This was followed by the talks between <a href="NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> and <a href="Intercosmos" class="mw-redirect" title="Intercosmos">Intercosmos</a> in the 1970s about a "Shuttle–Salyut" program to fly <a href="Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a> missions to a <a href="Salyut_programme" title="Salyut programme">Salyut space station</a>, with later talks in the 1980s even considering flights of the future Soviet shuttles from the <a href="Buran_programme" title="Buran programme">Buran programme</a> to a future US space station – this "Shuttle–Salyut" program never materialized however during the existence of the Soviet Intercosmos program.<a href="#cite_note-MIRheritage-3">[2]</a>

This changed after the <a href="Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution of the Soviet Union</a>: the end of Cold War and <a href="Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a> resulted in funding for the US modular space station (originally named <a href="Space_Station_Freedom" title="Space Station Freedom">Freedom</a>), which was planned since the early 1980s, being slashed.<a href="#cite_note-SSSM-4">[3]</a>

Similar budgetary difficulties were being faced by other nations with space station projects, prompting American government officials to start negotiations with partners in Europe, Russia, Japan, and Canada in the early 1990s to begin a collaborative, multi-national, space station project.<a href="#cite_note-SSSM-4">[3]</a>

In the <a href="Russia" title="Russia">Russian Federation</a>, as the successor to much of the <a href="Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and its space program, the deteriorating economic situation in the <a href="History_of_post-Soviet_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of post-Soviet Russia">post-Soviet economic chaos</a> led to growing financial problems of the now Russian space station program. The construction of the <a href="Mir-2" title="Mir-2">Mir-2</a> space station as a replacement for the aging Mir became illusionary, though only after its base block, DOS-8, had been built.<a href="#cite_note-SSSM-4">[3]</a> These developments resulted in bringing the former adversaries together with the Shuttle–Mir Program, which would pave the way to the <a href="International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a>, a joint project with several international partners.<a href="#cite_note-spacecom-20160222-5">[4]</a>

In June 1992, <a href="President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">American President</a> <a href="George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> and <a href="President_of_Russia" title="President of Russia">Russian president</a> <a href="Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin">Boris Yeltsin</a> agreed to co-operate on <a href="Space_exploration" title="Space exploration">space exploration</a> by signing the Agreement between the United States of America and the Russian Federation Concerning Cooperation in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space for Peaceful Purposes. This agreement called for setting up a short, joint space project, during which one American <a href="Astronaut" title="Astronaut">astronaut</a> would board the Russian space station Mir and two Russian <a href="Astronaut#Russian" title="Astronaut">cosmonauts</a> would board a Space Shuttle.<a href="#cite_note-SSSM-4">[3]</a>

In September 1993, American <a href="Vice-President_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice-President of the United States">Vice-President</a> <a href="Al_Gore_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Al Gore Jr.">Al Gore Jr.</a>, and Russian Prime Minister <a href="Viktor_Chernomyrdin" title="Viktor Chernomyrdin">Viktor Chernomyrdin</a> announced plans for a new space station, which eventually became the International Space Station.<a href="#cite_note-gao-6">[5]</a> They also agreed, in preparation for this new project, that the United States would be heavily involved in the Mir project in the years ahead, under the code name "Phase One" (the construction of the ISS being "Phase Two").<a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a>

The first Space Shuttle flight to Mir was a rendezvous mission without docking on <a href="STS-63" title="STS-63">STS-63</a>. This was followed during the course of the project by nine Shuttle–Mir docking missions, from <a href="STS-71" title="STS-71">STS-71</a> to <a href="STS-91" title="STS-91">STS-91</a>. The Shuttle rotated crews and delivered supplies, and one mission, <a href="STS-74" title="STS-74">STS-74</a>, carried a docking module and a pair of solar arrays to Mir. Various scientific experiments were also conducted, both on shuttle flights and long-term aboard the station. The project also saw the launch of two new modules, <a href="Spektr" title="Spektr">Spektr</a> and <a href="Priroda" title="Priroda">Priroda</a>, to Mir, which were used by American astronauts as living quarters and laboratories to conduct the majority of their science aboard the station. These missions allowed NASA and Roscosmos to learn a great deal about how best to work with international partners in space and how to minimize the risks associated with assembling a large space station in orbit, as would have to be done with the ISS.<a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-JointReport-9">[8]</a>

The project also served as a political ruse on the part of the American government, providing a diplomatic channel for NASA to take part in the funding of the cripplingly under-funded Russian space program. This in turn allowed the newly fledged <a href="Politics_of_Russia" title="Politics of Russia">Russian government</a> to keep Mir operating, in addition to the Russian space program as a whole, ensuring the Russian government remained friendly towards the United States.<a href="#cite_note-Dragonfly-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-OffPlanet-11">[10]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Increments">Increments</h3></div>

In addition to the flights of the Shuttle to Mir, Phase One also featured seven "Increments" aboard the station, long-duration flights aboard Mir by American astronauts. The seven astronauts who took part in the Increments, <a href="Norman_Thagard" title="Norman Thagard">Norman Thagard</a>, <a href="Shannon_Lucid" title="Shannon Lucid">Shannon Lucid</a>, <a href="John_Blaha" class="mw-redirect" title="John Blaha">John Blaha</a>, <a href="Jerry_Linenger" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerry Linenger">Jerry Linenger</a>, <a href="Michael_Foale" title="Michael Foale">Michael Foale</a>, <a href="David_Wolf_(astronaut)" title="David Wolf (astronaut)">David Wolf</a> and <a href="Andy_Thomas" title="Andy Thomas">Andrew Thomas</a>, were each flown in turn to <a href="Star_City%2C_Russia" title="Star City, Russia">Star City</a>, <a href="Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, to undergo training in various aspects of the operation of Mir and the <a href="Soyuz_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Soyuz spacecraft">Soyuz spacecraft</a> used for transport to and from the Station. The astronauts also received practice in carrying out <a href="Spacewalks" class="mw-redirect" title="Spacewalks">spacewalks</a> outside Mir and lessons in the <a href="Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian language</a>, which would be used throughout their missions to talk with the other cosmonauts aboard the station and Mission Control in Russia, the <a href="Mission_Control_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Mission Control Center">TsUP</a>.<a href="#cite_note-OffPlanet-11">[10]</a>

During their expeditions aboard Mir, the astronauts carried out various experiments, including growth of crops and crystals, and took hundreds of photographs of the <a href="Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>. They also assisted in the maintenance and repair of the aging station, following various incidents with fires, collisions, power losses, uncontrolled spins and toxic leaks. In all, the American astronauts would spend almost a thousand days aboard Mir, allowing NASA to learn a great deal about long-duration spaceflight, particularly in the areas of astronaut psychology and how best to arrange experiment schedules for crews aboard space stations.<a href="#cite_note-Dragonfly-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-OffPlanet-11">[10]</a>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Mir" title="Mir">Mir</a></div>

Mir was constructed between 1986 and 1996 and was the world's first modular space station. It was the first consistently inhabited long-term <a href="Research_station" title="Research station">research station</a> in space, and previously held the record for longest continuous human presence in space, at eight days short of ten years. Mir's purpose was to provide a large and habitable scientific laboratory in space, and, through a number of collaborations, including <a href="Intercosmos" class="mw-redirect" title="Intercosmos">Intercosmos</a> and Shuttle–Mir, was made internationally accessible to cosmonauts and astronauts of many different countries. The station existed until March 23, 2001, at which point it was deliberately deorbited, and broke apart during atmospheric re-entry.<a href="#cite_note-SSSM-4">[3]</a>

Mir was based upon the <a href="Salyut" class="mw-redirect" title="Salyut">Salyut</a> series of space stations previously launched by the <a href="Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> (seven Salyut space stations had been launched since 1971), and was mainly serviced by Russian-crewed <a href="Soyuz_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Soyuz spacecraft">Soyuz spacecraft</a> and <a href="Progress_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Progress spacecraft">Progress</a> cargo ships. The <a href="Buran_(spacecraft)" title="Buran (spacecraft)">Buran</a> space shuttle was anticipated to visit Mir, but its program was canceled after its first uncrewed spaceflight. Visiting US Space Shuttles used an <a href="Androgynous_Peripheral_Attach_System" title="Androgynous Peripheral Attach System">Androgynous Peripheral Attach System</a> docking collar originally designed for Buran, mounted on a bracket originally designed for use with the American <a href="Space_Station_Freedom" title="Space Station Freedom">Space Station Freedom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SSSM-4">[3]</a>

With the Space Shuttle docked to Mir, the temporary enlargements of living and working areas amounted to a complex that was the world's largest <a href="Spacecraft" title="Spacecraft">spacecraft</a> at that time, with a combined mass of 250 <a href="Tonne" title="Tonne">metric tons</a> (250 <a href="Long_ton" title="Long ton">long tons</a>; 280 <a href="Short_ton" title="Short ton">short tons</a>).<a href="#cite_note-SSSM-4">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Space_Shuttle">Space Shuttle</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a></div>

The Space Shuttle was a partially <a href="Reusable_launch_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Reusable launch system">reusable</a> <a href="Low_Earth_orbit" title="Low Earth orbit">low Earth orbital</a> <a href="Spacecraft" title="Spacecraft">spacecraft</a> system that was operated from 1981 to 2011 by the U.S. <a href="NASA" title="NASA">National Aeronautics and Space Administration</a> (NASA) as part of the <a href="Space_Shuttle_program" title="Space Shuttle program">Space Shuttle program</a>. Its official program name was Space Transportation System (STS), taken from a 1969 plan for <a href="Space_Transportation_System" title="Space Transportation System">a system of reusable spacecraft</a> of which it was the only item funded for development.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-13">[12]</a> The first of four orbital test flights occurred in 1981, leading to operational flights beginning in 1982. In addition to the prototype, whose completion was cancelled, five complete Shuttle systems were built and used on a total of 135 missions from 1981 to 2011, launched from the <a href="Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy Space Center</a> (KSC) in Florida. The Shuttle fleet's total mission time was 1322 days, 19 hours, 21 minutes and 23 seconds.<a href="#cite_note-ShuttleByNumbers-14">[13]</a>

The Space Shuttle carried large payloads to various orbits, and, during the Shuttle–Mir and ISS programs, provided crew rotation and carried various supplies, modules and pieces of equipment to the stations. Each Shuttle was designed for a projected lifespan of 100 launches or 10 years' operational life.<a href="#cite_note-Basics-15">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-SSS-16">[15]</a>

Nine docking missions were flown to Mir, from 1995 to 1997 during "Phase One": Space Shuttle <a href="Space_Shuttle_Atlantis" title="Space Shuttle Atlantis">Atlantis</a> docked seven times to Mir, with <a href="Space_Shuttle_Discovery" title="Space Shuttle Discovery">Discovery</a> and <a href="Space_Shuttle_Endeavour" title="Space Shuttle Endeavour">Endeavour</a> each flying one docking mission to Mir. As Space Shuttle <a href="Space_Shuttle_Columbia" title="Space Shuttle Columbia">Columbia</a> was the oldest and heaviest of the fleet, it was not suited for efficient operations at Mir's (and later the <a href="International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">ISS's</a>) 51.6-degree inclination – Columbia was therefore not retrofitted with the necessary external airlock and Orbital Docking System, and never flew to a space station.<a href="#cite_note-MissionChronicle-17">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Timeline">Timeline</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_cooperation_begins_(1994)">New cooperation begins (1994)</h3></div>

Phase One of the Shuttle–Mir program began on February 3, 1994, with the launch of <a href="Space_Shuttle_Discovery" title="Space Shuttle Discovery">Space Shuttle Discovery</a> on its 18th mission, <a href="STS-60" title="STS-60">STS-60</a>. The eight-day mission was the first shuttle flight of that year, the first flight of a Russian <a href="Cosmonaut" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmonaut">cosmonaut</a>, <a href="Sergei_Krikalev" title="Sergei Krikalev">Sergei Krikalev</a>, aboard the American shuttle, and marked the start of increased cooperation in space for the two nations, 37 years after the <a href="Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a> began.<a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a> Part of an <a href="Treaty" title="Treaty">international agreement</a> on human space flight, the mission was the second flight of the <a href="Spacehab" class="mw-redirect" title="Spacehab">Spacehab</a> pressurized module and marked the hundredth "<a href="Getaway_Special" title="Getaway Special">Getaway Special</a>" payload to fly in space. The primary payload for the mission was the <a href="Wake_Shield_Facility" title="Wake Shield Facility">Wake Shield Facility</a> (or WSF), a device designed to generate new semiconductor films for advanced electronics. The WSF was flown at the end of Discovery's robotic arm over the course of the flight. During the mission, the astronauts aboard Discovery also carried out various experiments aboard the <a href="Spacehab" class="mw-redirect" title="Spacehab">Spacehab</a> module in the Orbiter's payload bay, and took part in a live bi-directional audio and downlink video hookup between themselves and the three cosmonauts on board Mir, <a href="Valeri_Polyakov" title="Valeri Polyakov">Valeri Polyakov</a>, <a href="Viktor_M._Afanasyev" class="mw-redirect" title="Viktor M. Afanasyev">Viktor Afanasyev</a> and <a href="Yury_Usachev" class="mw-redirect" title="Yury Usachev">Yury Usachev</a> (flying Mir expeditions LD-4 and EO-15).<a href="#cite_note-MissionChronicle-17">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-SMH_Flights-21">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="America_arrives_at_Mir_(1995)">America arrives at Mir (1995)</h3></div>

1995 began with the launch of the Space Shuttle Discovery on February 3. Discovery's mission, <a href="STS-63" title="STS-63">STS-63</a>, was the second Space Shuttle flight in the program and the first flight of the shuttle with a female pilot, <a href="Eileen_Collins" title="Eileen Collins">Eileen Collins</a>. Referred to as the "near-Mir" mission, the eight-day flight saw the first rendezvous of a Space Shuttle with Mir, as Russian cosmonaut <a href="Vladimir_Titov_(cosmonaut)" title="Vladimir Titov (cosmonaut)">Vladimir Titov</a> and the rest of Discovery's crew approached within 37 feet (11 m) of Mir. Following the rendezvous, Collins performed a flyaround of the station. The mission, a dress rehearsal for the first docked mission in the program, <a href="STS-71" title="STS-71">STS-71</a>, also carried out testing of various techniques and pieces of equipment that would be used during the docking missions that followed.<a href="#cite_note-SMH_Flights-21">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a>

Five weeks after Discovery's flight, the March 14 launch of <a href="Soyuz_TM-21" title="Soyuz TM-21">Soyuz TM-21</a> carried expedition EO-18 to Mir. The crew consisted of cosmonauts <a href="Vladimir_Dezhurov" title="Vladimir Dezhurov">Vladimir Dezhurov</a> and <a href="Gennady_Strekalov" title="Gennady Strekalov">Gennady Strekalov</a> and NASA astronaut <a href="Norman_Thagard" title="Norman Thagard">Norman Thagard</a>, who became the first American to fly into space aboard the <a href="Soyuz_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Soyuz spacecraft">Soyuz spacecraft</a>. During the course of their 115-day expedition, the <a href="Spektr" title="Spektr">Spektr</a> science module (which served as living and working space for American astronauts) was launched aboard a <a href="Proton_rocket" class="mw-redirect" title="Proton rocket">Proton rocket</a> and docked to Mir. Spektr carried more than 1,500 pounds (680 kg) of research equipment from America and other nations. The expedition's crew returned to Earth aboard <a href="Space_Shuttle_Atlantis" title="Space Shuttle Atlantis">Space Shuttle Atlantis</a> following the first Shuttle–Mir docking during mission <a href="STS-71" title="STS-71">STS-71</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SSSM-4">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dragonfly-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-LoME-25">[24]</a>

The primary objectives of STS-71, launched on June 27, called for the Space Shuttle Atlantis to rendezvous and perform the first docking between an American Space Shuttle and the station. On June 29, Atlantis successfully docked with Mir, becoming the first US spacecraft to dock with a Russian spacecraft since the <a href="Apollo-Soyuz_Test_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollo-Soyuz Test Project">Apollo-Soyuz Test Project</a> in 1975.<a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a> Atlantis delivered cosmonauts <a href="Anatoly_Solovyev" title="Anatoly Solovyev">Anatoly Solovyev</a> and <a href="Nikolai_Budarin" title="Nikolai Budarin">Nikolai Budarin</a>, who would form the expedition EO-19 crew, and retrieved astronaut Norman Thagard and cosmonauts Vladimir Dezhurov and Gennady Strekalov of the expedition EO-18 crew. Atlantis also carried out on-orbit joint US-Russian life sciences investigations aboard a <a href="Spacelab" title="Spacelab">Spacelab</a> module and performed a logistical resupply of the station.<a href="#cite_note-SMH_Flights-21">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a>

The final Shuttle flight of 1995, <a href="STS-74" title="STS-74">STS-74</a>, began with the November 12 launch of Space Shuttle Atlantis, and delivered the Russian-built <a href="Mir_Docking_Module" title="Mir Docking Module">Docking Module</a> to Mir, along with a new pair of solar arrays and other hardware upgrades for the station. The Docking Module was designed to provide more clearance for Shuttles in order to prevent any collisions with Mir's solar arrays during docking, a problem which had been overcome during <a href="STS-71" title="STS-71">STS-71</a> by relocating the station's <a href="Kristall" title="Kristall">Kristall</a> module to a different location on the station. The module, attached to Kristall's docking port, prevented the need for this procedure on further missions. During the course of the flight, nearly 1,000 pounds (450 kg) of water were transferred to Mir and experiment samples including blood, urine and saliva were moved to Atlantis for return to Earth.<a href="#cite_note-SMH_Flights-21">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Priroda_(1996)">Priroda (1996)</h3></div>

Continuous US presence aboard Mir started in 1996 with the March 22 launch of Atlantis on mission <a href="STS-76" title="STS-76">STS-76</a>, when the Second Increment astronaut <a href="Shannon_Lucid" title="Shannon Lucid">Shannon Lucid</a> was transferred to the station. STS-76 was the third docking mission to Mir, which also demonstrated logistics capabilities through deployment of a <a href="Spacehab" class="mw-redirect" title="Spacehab">Spacehab</a> module, and placed experiment packages aboard Mir's docking module, which marked the first <a href="Spacewalk" class="mw-redirect" title="Spacewalk">spacewalk</a> which occurred around docked vehicles. The spacewalks, carried out from Atlantis's crew cabin, provided valuable experience for astronauts in order to prepare for later assembly missions to the <a href="International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a>.<a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a>

Lucid became the first American woman to live on station, and, following a six-week extension to her Increment due to issues with Shuttle <a href="Space_Shuttle_Solid_Rocket_Booster" title="Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Booster">Solid Rocket Boosters</a>, her 188-day mission set the US single spaceflight record. During Lucid's time aboard Mir, the <a href="Priroda" title="Priroda">Priroda</a> module, with about 2,200 pounds (1,000 kg) of US science hardware, was docked to Mir. Lucid made use of both Priroda and Spektr to carry out 28 different science experiments and as living quarters.<a href="#cite_note-SMH_Flights-21">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a>

Her stay aboard Mir ended with the flight of Atlantis on <a href="STS-79" title="STS-79">STS-79</a>, which launched on September 16. STS-79 was the first Shuttle mission to carry a double Spacehab module. More than 4,000 pounds (1,800 kg) of supplies were transferred to Mir, including water generated by Atlantis's <a href="Fuel_cell" title="Fuel cell">fuel cells</a>, and experiments that included investigations into <a href="Superconductivity" title="Superconductivity">superconductors</a>, <a href="Cartilage" title="Cartilage">cartilage</a> development, and other biology studies. About 2,000 pounds (910 kg) of experiment samples and equipment were also transferred back from Mir to Atlantis, making the total transfer the most extensive yet.<a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a>

This, the fourth docking, also saw <a href="John_Blaha" class="mw-redirect" title="John Blaha">John Blaha</a> transferring onto Mir to take his place as resident Increment astronaut. His stay on the station improved operations in several areas, including transfer procedures for a docked space shuttle, "hand-over" procedures for long-duration American crew members and "Ham" <a href="Amateur_radio" title="Amateur radio">amateur radio</a> communications.

Two spacewalks were carried out during his time aboard. Their aim was to remove <a href="Electric_power" title="Electric power">electrical power</a> connectors from a 12-year-old <a href="Solar_power" title="Solar power">solar power</a> array on the base block and reconnect the cables to the more efficient new solar power arrays. In all, Blaha spent four months with the Mir-22 cosmonaut crew conducting <a href="Material_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Material science">material science</a>, <a href="Fluid_mechanics" title="Fluid mechanics">fluid science</a>, and <a href="Life_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Life science">life science</a> research, before returning to Earth the next year aboard Atlantis on <a href="STS-81" title="STS-81">STS-81</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SMH_Flights-21">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fire_and_collision_(1997)">Fire and collision (1997)</h3></div>

In 1997 <a href="STS-81" title="STS-81">STS-81</a> replaced Increment astronaut John Blaha with <a href="Jerry_Linenger" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerry Linenger">Jerry Linenger</a>, after Blaha's 118-day stay aboard Mir. During this fifth shuttle docking, the crew of Atlantis moved supplies to the station and returned to Earth the first plants to complete a life cycle in space; a crop of wheat planted by Shannon Lucid. During five days of mated operations, the crews transferred nearly 6,000 pounds (2,700 kg) of logistics to Mir, and transferred 2,400 pounds (1,100 kg) of materials back to Atlantis (the most materials transferred between the two spacecraft to that date).<a href="#cite_note-STS-81-36">[35]</a>

The STS-81 crew also tested the Shuttle Treadmill <a href="Vibration_isolation" title="Vibration isolation">Vibration Isolation</a> and Stabilization System (TVIS), designed for use in the <a href="Zvezda_(ISS_module)" title="Zvezda (ISS module)">Zvezda module</a> of the International Space Station. The shuttle's small vernier jet thrusters were fired during the mated operations to gather engineering data for "reboosting" the ISS. After undocking, Atlantis performed a fly-around of Mir, leaving Linenger aboard the station.<a href="#cite_note-SMH_Flights-21">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-STS-81-36">[35]</a>

During his Increment, Linenger became the first American to conduct a spacewalk from a foreign space station and the first to test the Russian-built <a href="Orlan_space_suits" class="mw-redirect" title="Orlan space suits">Orlan-M</a> spacesuit alongside Russian cosmonaut <a href="Vasili_Tsibliyev" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasili Tsibliyev">Vasili Tsibliyev</a>. All three crewmembers of expedition EO-23 performed a "fly-around" in the Soyuz spacecraft, first undocking from one docking port of the station, then manually flying to and redocking the capsule at a different location. This made Linenger the first American to undock from a space station aboard two different spacecraft (Space Shuttle and Soyuz).<a href="#cite_note-LoME-25">[24]</a>

Linenger and his Russian crewmates Vasili Tsibliyev and <a href="Aleksandr_Lazutkin" title="Aleksandr Lazutkin">Aleksandr Lazutkin</a> faced several difficulties during the mission. These included the most severe fire aboard an orbiting spacecraft (caused by a backup oxygen-generating device), failures of various on board systems, a near collision with a <a href="Progress_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Progress spacecraft">Progress</a> resupply cargo ship during a long-distance manual docking system test and a total loss of station electrical power. The power failure also caused a loss of <a href="Spacecraft_attitude_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Spacecraft attitude control">attitude control</a>, which led to an uncontrolled "tumble" through space.<a href="#cite_note-SSSM-4">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dragonfly-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-OffPlanet-11">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-SMH_Flights-21">[20]</a>

The next NASA astronaut to stay on Mir was <a href="Michael_Foale" title="Michael Foale">Michael Foale</a>. Foale and Russian mission specialist <a href="Elena_Kondakova" class="mw-redirect" title="Elena Kondakova">Elena Kondakova</a> boarded Mir from Atlantis on mission <a href="STS-84" title="STS-84">STS-84</a>. The STS-84 crew transferred 249 items between the two spacecraft, along with water, experiment samples, supplies and hardware. One of the first items transferred to Mir was an Elektron oxygen-generating unit. Atlantis was stopped three times while backing away during the undocking sequence on May 21. The aim was to collect data from a European sensor device designed for future rendezvous of <a href="ESA" class="mw-redirect" title="ESA">ESA</a>'s <a href="Automated_Transfer_Vehicle" title="Automated Transfer Vehicle">Automated Transfer Vehicle</a> (ATV) with the International Space Station.<a href="#cite_note-SMH_Flights-21">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a>

Foale's Increment proceeded fairly normally until June 25, when a resupply ship collided with solar arrays on the <a href="Spektr" title="Spektr">Spektr</a> module during the second test of the Progress manual docking system, TORU. The module's outer shell was hit and holed, which caused the station to lose pressure. This was the first on-orbit depressurization in the history of spaceflight. The crew quickly cut cables leading to the module and closed Spektr's hatch in order to prevent the need to abandon the station in their Soyuz lifeboat. Their efforts stabilized the station's air pressure, whilst the pressure in Spektr, containing many of Foale's experiments and personal effects, dropped to a vacuum. Fortunately, food, water and other vital supplies were stored in other modules, and salvage and replanning effort by Foale and the science community minimized the loss of research data and capability.<a href="#cite_note-Dragonfly-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-SMH_Flights-21">[20]</a>

In an effort to restore some of the power and systems lost following the isolation of Spektr and to attempt to locate the leak, Mir's new commander <a href="Anatoly_Solovyev" title="Anatoly Solovyev">Anatoly Solovyev</a> and <a href="Flight_engineer" title="Flight engineer">flight engineer</a> <a href="Pavel_Vinogradov" title="Pavel Vinogradov">Pavel Vinogradov</a> carried out a salvage operation later in the mission. They entered the empty module during a so-called "IVA" spacewalk, inspecting the condition of hardware and running cables through a special hatch from Spektr's systems to the rest of the station. Following these first investigations, Foale and Solovyev conducted a 6-hour EVA on the surface of Spektr to inspect the damaged module.<a href="#cite_note-SMH_Flights-21">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a>

After these incidents, the US Congress and NASA considered whether to abandon the program out of concern for astronauts' safety but NASA administrator <a href="Daniel_Goldin" title="Daniel Goldin">Daniel Goldin</a> decided to continue the program.<a href="#cite_note-OffPlanet-11">[10]</a> The next flight to Mir, <a href="STS-86" title="STS-86">STS-86</a>, brought Increment astronaut <a href="David_Wolf_(astronaut)" title="David Wolf (astronaut)">David Wolf</a> to the station.

STS-86 performed the seventh Shuttle–Mir docking, the last of 1997. During Atlantis's stay crew members Titov and Parazynski conducted the first joint US–Russian extravehicular activity during a Shuttle mission, and the first in which a Russian wore a US spacesuit. During the five-hour spacewalk, the pair affixed a 121-pound (55 kg) Solar Array Cap to the <a href="Mir_Docking_Module" title="Mir Docking Module">Docking Module</a>, for a future attempt by crew members to seal off the leak in Spektr's hull. The mission returned Foale to Earth, along with samples, hardware, and an old Elektron oxygen generator, and dropped Wolf off on the Station ready for his 128-day Increment. Wolf had originally been scheduled to be the final Mir astronaut, but was chosen to go on the Increment instead of astronaut <a href="Wendy_Lawrence" class="mw-redirect" title="Wendy Lawrence">Wendy Lawrence</a>. Lawrence was deemed ineligible for flight because of a change in Russian requirements after the Progress supply vehicle collision. The new rules required that all Mir crew members should be trained and ready for spacewalks, but a Russian spacesuit could not be prepared for Lawrence in time for launch.<a href="#cite_note-SMH_Flights-21">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phase_One_closes_down_(1998)">Phase One closes down (1998)</h3></div>

The final year of Phase One began with the flight of <a href="Space_Shuttle_Endeavour" title="Space Shuttle Endeavour">Space Shuttle Endeavour</a> on <a href="STS-89" title="STS-89">STS-89</a>. The mission delivered cosmonaut <a href="Salizhan_Sharipov" title="Salizhan Sharipov">Salizhan Sharipov</a> to Mir and replaced David Wolf with <a href="Andy_Thomas" title="Andy Thomas">Andy Thomas</a>, following Wolf's 119-day Increment.<a href="#cite_note-SMH_Flights-21">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a>

During his Increment, the last of the program, Thomas worked on 27 science investigations into areas of advanced technology, <a href="Earth_science" title="Earth science">Earth sciences</a>, human life sciences, microgravity research, and ISS risk mitigation. His stay on Mir, considered the smoothest of the entire Phase One program, featured weekly "Letters from the Outpost" from Thomas and passed two milestones for length of spaceflight—815 consecutive days in space by American astronauts since the launch of Shannon Lucid on the STS-76 mission in March 1996, and 907 days of Mir occupancy by American astronauts dating back to Norman Thagard's trip to Mir in March 1995.<a href="#cite_note-SMH_Flights-21">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a>

Thomas returned to Earth on the final Shuttle–Mir mission, <a href="STS-91" title="STS-91">STS-91</a>. The mission closed out Phase One, with the EO-25 and STS-91 crews transferring water to Mir and exchanging almost 4,700 pounds (2,100 kg) of cargo experiments and supplies between the two spacecraft. Long-term American experiments that had been on board Mir were also moved into Discovery. Hatches were closed for undocking at 9:07 a.m. <a href="Eastern_Daylight_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Daylight Time">Eastern Daylight Time</a> (EDT) on June 8 and the spacecraft separated at 12:01 p.m. EDT that day.<a href="#cite_note-SMH_Flights-21">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phases_Two_and_Three:_ISS_(1998–present)">Phases Two and Three: ISS (1998–present)</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a></div>

With the landing of <a href="Space_Shuttle_Discovery" title="Space Shuttle Discovery">Discovery</a> on June 12, 1998, the Phase One program concluded. Techniques and equipment developed during the program assisted the development of Phase Two: initial assembly of the International Space Station (ISS). The arrival of the <a href="Destiny_(ISS_module)" title="Destiny (ISS module)">Destiny Laboratory Module</a> in 2001 marked the end of Phase Two and the start of Phase Three, the final outfitting of the station, completed in 2012.<a href="#cite_note-ISS_Phases-44">[43]</a>

In 2015, a reconfiguration of the American segment was completed to allow its docking ports to accommodate NASA-sponsored commercial crew vehicles, that were expected to start visiting the ISS in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-ISS_Recongfig_2015-45">[44]</a>

As of June 2015, the ISS has a pressurized volume of 915 cubic metres (32,300 cu ft), and its pressurized modules total 51 metres (167 ft) in length, plus a large truss structure that spans 109 metres (358 ft), making it the largest spacecraft ever assembled.<a href="#cite_note-ISS_facts_&_figures-46">[45]</a> The completed station consists of five laboratories and is able to support six crew members. With over 332 cubic metres (11,700 cu ft) of habitable volume and a mass of 400,000 kilograms (880,000 lb) the completed station is almost twice the size of the combined Shuttle–Mir spacecraft.<a href="#cite_note-ISS_facts_&_figures-46">[45]</a>

Phases Two and Three are intended to continue both international cooperation in space and zero-gravity scientific research, particularly regarding long-duration spaceflight. By spring 2015, <a href="Russian_Federal_Space_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Federal Space Agency">Roscosmos</a>, NASA, and the <a href="Canadian_Space_Agency" title="Canadian Space Agency">Canadian Space Agency</a> (CSA) have agreed to extend the ISS's mission from 2020 to 2024.<a href="#cite_note-ISS_mission_extension-47">[46]</a>

In 2018 that was then extended out to 2030.<a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a> The results of this research will provide considerable information for long-duration expeditions to the <a href="Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a> and flights to <a href="Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ISS_International_Cooperation-49">[48]</a>

Following the intentional deorbiting of Mir on 23 March 2001, the ISS became the only space station in orbit around Earth.<a href="#cite_note-Mir_deorbited-50">[49]</a> It retained that distinction until the launch of Chinese <a href="Tiangong-1" title="Tiangong-1">Tiangong-1</a> space laboratory on 29 September 2011.<a href="#cite_note-Tiangong-1-51">[50]</a>

Mir's legacy lives on in the station, bringing together five space agencies in the cause of exploration and allowing those space agencies to prepare for their next leap into space, to the Moon, Mars and beyond.<a href="#cite_note-Mir's_Legacy-52">[51]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Complete_list_of_Shuttle–Mir_missions">Complete list of Shuttle–Mir missions</h3></div>

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<th>Mission</th>

<th>Launch Date</th>

<th>Shuttle</th>

<th>Patch</th>

<th>Notes

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td>3 February 1994</td>

<td>Discovery</td>

<td><a href="United_States" title="United States"></a> <a href="Charles_Bolden" title="Charles Bolden">Charles Bolden</a> | <a href="United_States" title="United States"></a> <a href="Kenneth_Reightler" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenneth Reightler">Kenneth Reightler</a> | <a href="United_States" title="United States"></a> <a href="Nancy_Jan_Davis" class="mw-redirect" title="Nancy Jan Davis">N. Jan Davis</a> | <a href="United_States" title="United States"></a> <a href="Ronald_Sega" class="mw-redirect" title="Ronald Sega">Ronald Sega</a> | <a href="Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica"></a><a href="United_States" title="United States"></a> <a href="Franklin_Chang_D%C3%ADaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Franklin Chang Díaz">Franklin Chang Díaz</a> | <a href="Russia" title="Russia"></a> <a href="Sergei_Krikalev" title="Sergei Krikalev">Sergei Krikalev</a></td>

<td>First Russian cosmonaut on US spacecraft | Deployed the <a href="Wake_Shield_Facility" title="Wake Shield Facility">Wake Shield Facility</a> | Carried the <a href="SpaceHab" class="mw-redirect" title="SpaceHab">SpaceHab</a> single module

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>3 February 1995</td>

<td>Discovery</td>

<td><a href="United_States" title="United States"></a> <a href="James_Wetherbee" class="mw-redirect" title="James Wetherbee">James Wetherbee</a> | <a href="United_States" title="United States"></a> <a href="Eileen_Collins" title="Eileen Collins">Eileen Collins</a> | <a href="United_States" title="United States"></a> <a href="Bernard_Harris" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernard Harris">Bernard Harris</a> | <a href="United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"></a> <a href="United_States" title="United States"></a> <a href="Michael_Foale" title="Michael Foale">C. Michael Foale</a> | <a href="United_States" title="United States"></a> <a href="Janice_E._Voss" title="Janice E. Voss">Janice Voss</a> | <a href="Russia" title="Russia"></a> <a href="Vladimir_Titov_(cosmonaut)" title="Vladimir Titov (cosmonaut)">Vladimir Titov</a></td>

<td>First Shuttle rendezvous with Mir

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Soyuz_TM-21" title="Soyuz TM-21">Soyuz TM-21</a></td>

<td>14 March 1995</td>

<td><a href="Russia" title="Russia"></a> <a href="Vladimir_Dezhurov" title="Vladimir Dezhurov">Vladimir Dezhurov</a> | <a href="Russia" title="Russia"></a> <a href="Gennady_Strekalov" title="Gennady Strekalov">Gennady Strekalov</a> | <a href="United_States" title="United States"></a> <a href="Norman_Thagard" title="Norman Thagard">Norman Thagard</a></td>

<td>First American astronaut on Russian spacecraft | Delivered Mir-EO-18 crew | Delivered Norman Thagard for long-duration stay

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Atlantis</td>

<td><a href="United_States" title="United States"></a> <a href="Robert_L._Gibson" title="Robert L. Gibson">Robert Gibson</a> | <a href="United_States" title="United States"></a> <a href="Charles_Precourt" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Precourt">Charles Precourt</a> | <a href="United_States" title="United States"></a> <a href="Ellen_S._Baker" title="Ellen S. Baker">Ellen Baker</a> | <a href="United_States" title="United States"></a> <a href="Gregory_Harbaugh" class="mw-redirect" title="Gregory Harbaugh">Gregory Harbaugh</a> | <a href="United_States" title="United States"></a> <a href="Bonnie_Dunbar" class="mw-redirect" title="Bonnie Dunbar">Bonnie Dunbar</a> | <a href="Russia" title="Russia"></a> <a href="Anatoly_Solovyev" title="Anatoly Solovyev">Anatoly Solovyev</a> | <a href="Russia" title="Russia"></a> <a href="Nikolai_Budarin" title="Nikolai Budarin">Nikolai Budarin</a></td>

<td>First Shuttle–Mir docking | Delivered <a href="Mir_EO-19" title="Mir EO-19">Mir EO-19</a> crew | Returned Mir EO-18 crew

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>12 November 1995</td>

<td>Atlantis</td>

<td><a href="United_States" title="United States"></a> <a href="Kenneth_D._Cameron" title="Kenneth D. Cameron">Kenneth Cameron</a> | <a href="United_States" title="United States"></a> <a href="James_Halsell" class="mw-redirect" title="James Halsell">James Halsell</a> | <a href="Canada" title="Canada"></a> <a href="Chris_Hadfield" title="Chris Hadfield">Chris Hadfield</a> | <a href="United_States" title="United States"></a> <a href="Jerry_L._Ross" title="Jerry L. Ross">Jerry Ross</a> | <a href="United_States" title="United States"></a> <a href="William_S._McArthur" title="William S. McArthur">William S. McArthur</a></td>

<td>Delivered the <a href="Mir_Docking_Module" title="Mir Docking Module">Mir Docking Module</a> | Hadfield became first and only Canadian to visit Mir

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>22 March 1996</td>

<td>Atlantis</td>

<td><a href="United_States" title="United States"></a> <a href="Kevin_Chilton" class="mw-redirect" title="Kevin Chilton">Kevin Chilton</a> | <a href="United_States" title="United States"></a> <a href="Richard_Searfoss" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Searfoss">Richard Searfoss</a> | <a href="United_States" title="United States"></a> <a href="Ronald_Sega" class="mw-redirect" title="Ronald Sega">Ronald Sega</a> | <a href="United_States" title="United States"></a> <a href="Michael_R._Clifford" title="Michael R. Clifford">Michael Clifford</a> | <a href="United_States" title="United States"></a> <a href="Linda_Godwin" class="mw-redirect" title="Linda Godwin">Linda Godwin</a> | <a href="United_States" title="United States"></a> <a href="Shannon_Lucid" title="Shannon Lucid">Shannon Lucid</a></td>

<td>Delivered Shannon Lucid for long-duration stay | Carried the SpaceHab single module

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>16 September 1996</td>

<td>Atlantis</td>

<td><a href="United_States" title="United States"></a> <a href="William_Readdy" class="mw-redirect" title="William Readdy">William Readdy</a> | <a href="United_States" title="United States"></a> <a href="Terrence_Wilcutt" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrence Wilcutt">Terrence Wilcutt</a> | <a href="United_States" title="United States"></a> <a href="Jay_Apt" class="mw-redirect" title="Jay Apt">Jay Apt</a> | <a href="United_States" title="United States"></a> <a href="Thomas_Akers" title="Thomas Akers">Thomas Akers</a> | <a href="United_States" title="United States"></a> <a href="Carl_Walz" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl Walz">Carl Walz</a> | <a href="United_States" title="United States"></a> <a href="John_Blaha" class="mw-redirect" title="John Blaha">John Blaha</a></td>

<td>First flight of the SpaceHab double module | Delivered John Blaha for long-duration stay | Returned Shannon Lucid from long-duration stay

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>12 January 1997</td>

<td>Atlantis</td>

<td><a href="United_States" title="United States"></a> <a href="Michael_A._Baker" title="Michael A. Baker">Michael Baker</a> | <a href="United_States" title="United States"></a> <a href="Brent_Jett" class="mw-redirect" title="Brent Jett">Brent Jett</a> | <a href="United_States" title="United States"></a> <a href="Peter_Wisoff" title="Peter Wisoff">Peter Wisoff</a> | <a href="United_States" title="United States"></a> <a href="John_Grunsfeld" class="mw-redirect" title="John Grunsfeld">John Grunsfeld</a> | <a href="United_States" title="United States"></a> <a href="Marsha_Ivins" title="Marsha Ivins">Marsha Ivins</a> | <a href="United_States" title="United States"></a> <a href="Jerry_Linenger" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerry Linenger">Jerry Linenger</a></td>

<td>Delivered Jerry Linenger for long-duration stay | Returned John Blaha from long-duration stay

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Atlantis</td>

<td><a href="United_States" title="United States"></a> <a href="Charles_Precourt" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Precourt">Charles Precourt</a> | <a href="United_States" title="United States"></a> <a href="Eileen_Collins" title="Eileen Collins">Eileen Collins</a> | <a href="France" title="France"></a> <a href="Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Clervoy" title="Jean-François Clervoy">Jean-François Clervoy</a> | <a href="Peru" title="Peru"></a><a href="United_States" title="United States"></a> <a href="Carlos_Noriega" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlos Noriega">Carlos Noriega</a> | <a href="United_States" title="United States"></a> <a href="Edward_Lu" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Lu">Edward Lu</a> | <a href="Russia" title="Russia"></a> <a href="Yelena_Kondakova" title="Yelena Kondakova">Yelena Kondakova</a> |<a href="United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"></a> <a href="United_States" title="United States"></a> <a href="Michael_Foale" title="Michael Foale">C. Michael Foale</a></td>

<td>Delivered Michael Foale for long-duration stay | Returned Jerry Linenger from long-duration stay

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>26 September 1997</td>

<td>Atlantis</td>

<td><a href="United_States" title="United States"></a> <a href="James_Wetherbee" class="mw-redirect" title="James Wetherbee">James Wetherbee</a> | <a href="United_States" title="United States"></a> <a href="Michael_J._Bloomfield" title="Michael J. Bloomfield">Michael Bloomfield</a> | <a href="Russia" title="Russia"></a> <a href="Vladimir_Titov_(cosmonaut)" title="Vladimir Titov (cosmonaut)">Vladimir Titov</a> | <a href="United_States" title="United States"></a> <a href="Scott_Parazynski" class="mw-redirect" title="Scott Parazynski">Scott Parazynski</a> | <a href="France" title="France"></a> <a href="Jean-Loup_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Jean-Loup Chrétien">Jean-Loup Chrétien</a> | <a href="United_States" title="United States"></a> <a href="Wendy_Lawrence" class="mw-redirect" title="Wendy Lawrence">Wendy Lawrence</a> | <a href="United_States" title="United States"></a> <a href="David_Wolf_(astronaut)" title="David Wolf (astronaut)">David Wolf</a></td>

<td>Vladimir Titov became first Russian cosmomaut to use an <a href="Extravehicular_Mobility_Unit" title="Extravehicular Mobility Unit">EMU</a> | Delivered David Wolf for long-duration stay | Returned Michael Foale from long-duration stay

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>31 January 1998</td>

<td>Endeavour</td>

<td><a href="United_States" title="United States"></a> <a href="Terrence_Wilcutt" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrence Wilcutt">Terrence Wilcutt</a> | <a href="United_States" title="United States"></a> <a href="Joe_F._Edwards_Jr." title="Joe F. Edwards Jr.">Joe Edwards</a> | <a href="United_States" title="United States"></a> <a href="James_F._Reilly" title="James F. Reilly">James F. Reilly</a> | <a href="United_States" title="United States"></a> <a href="Michael_P._Anderson" title="Michael P. Anderson">Michael Anderson</a> | <a href="United_States" title="United States"></a> <a href="Bonnie_Dunbar" class="mw-redirect" title="Bonnie Dunbar">Bonnie Dunbar</a> | <a href="Russia" title="Russia"></a> <a href="Salizhan_Sharipov" title="Salizhan Sharipov">Salizhan Sharipov</a> | <a href="Australia" title="Australia"></a> <a href="United_States" title="United States"></a> <a href="Andy_Thomas" title="Andy Thomas">Andrew Thomas</a></td>

<td>Delivered Andrew Thomas for long-duration stay | Returned David Wolf from long-duration stay

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Discovery</td>

<td><a href="United_States" title="United States"></a> <a href="Charles_Precourt" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Precourt">Charles Precourt</a> | <a href="United_States" title="United States"></a> <a href="Dominic_Pudwill_Gorie" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominic Pudwill Gorie">Dominic Pudwill Gorie</a> | <a href="Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica"></a><a href="United_States" title="United States"></a> <a href="Franklin_Chang_D%C3%ADaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Franklin Chang Díaz">Franklin Chang Díaz</a> | <a href="United_States" title="United States"></a> <a href="Wendy_Lawrence" class="mw-redirect" title="Wendy Lawrence">Wendy Lawrence</a> | <a href="United_States" title="United States"></a> <a href="Janet_Kavandi" class="mw-redirect" title="Janet Kavandi">Janet Kavandi</a> | <a href="Russia" title="Russia"></a> <a href="Valery_Ryumin" title="Valery Ryumin">Valery Ryumin</a></td>

<td>Final Shuttle Mir mission | Returned Andrew Thomas from long-duration stay

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversy">Controversy</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Safety_and_scientific_return">Safety and scientific return</h3></div>

Criticism of the program was primarily concerned with the safety of the aging Mir, particularly following the fire aboard the station and collision with the Progress supply vessel in 1997.<a href="#cite_note-OffPlanet-11">[10]</a>

The fire, caused by the malfunction of a backup <a href="Chemical_oxygen_generator#Solid_oxygen_generator_from_Mir" title="Chemical oxygen generator">solid-fuel oxygen generator</a> (SFOG), burned for, according to various sources, between 90 seconds and 14 minutes, and produced large amounts of toxic smoke that filled the station for around 45 minutes. This forced the crew to don respirators, but some of the respirator masks initially worn were broken. <a href="Fire_extinguisher" title="Fire extinguisher">Fire extinguishers</a> mounted on the walls of the modules were immovable. The fire occurred during a crew rotation, and as such there were six men aboard the station rather than the usual three. Access to one of the docked Soyuz lifeboats was blocked, which would have prevented escape by half of the crew. A similar incident had occurred on an earlier Mir expedition, although in that case the SFOG burned for only a few seconds.<a href="#cite_note-Dragonfly-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-OffPlanet-11">[10]</a>

The near-miss and collision incidents presented further safety issues. Both were caused by failure of the same piece of equipment, the TORU manual docking system, which was undergoing tests at the time. The tests were called in order to gauge the performance of long-distance docking in order to enable the cash-strapped Russians to remove the expensive <a href="Kurs_(docking_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurs (docking system)">Kurs</a> automatic docking system from the Progress ships.

In the wake of the collision NASA and the Russian Space Agency instigated numerous safety councils who were to determine the cause of the accident. As their investigations progressed, the two space agencies results began moving in different directions. NASA's results blamed the TORU docking system, as it required the astronaut or cosmonaut in charge to dock the Progress without the aide of any sort of telemetry or guidance. However, the Russian Space Agency's results blamed the accident on crew error, accusing their own cosmonaut of miscalculating the distance between the Progress and the space station.<a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a> The Russian Space Agency's results were heavily criticized, even by their own cosmonaut Tsibliyev, on whom they were placing the blame. During his first press conference following his return to Earth, the cosmonaut expressed his anger and disapproval by declaring, "It has been a long tradition here in Russia to look for scapegoats."<a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a>

The accidents also added to the increasingly vocal criticism of the aging station's reliability. Astronaut <a href="Blaine_Hammond" class="mw-redirect" title="Blaine Hammond">Blaine Hammond</a> claimed that his safety concerns about Mir were ignored by NASA officials, and that records of safety meetings "disappeared from a locked vault".<a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a> Mir was originally designed to fly for five years but eventually flew for three times that length of time. During Phase One and afterward, the station was showing her age—constant computer crashes, loss of power, uncontrolled tumbles through space and leaking pipes were an ever-present concern for crews. Various breakdowns of Mir's Elektron oxygen-generating system were also a concern. These breakdowns led crews to become increasingly reliant on the SFOG systems that caused the fire in 1997. SFOG systems continue to be a problem aboard the ISS.<a href="#cite_note-Dragonfly-10">[9]</a>

Another issue of controversy was the scale of its actual scientific return, particularly following the loss of the Spektr science module. Astronauts, managers and various members of the press all complained that the benefits of the program were outweighed by the risks associated with it, especially considering the fact that most of the US science experiments had been contained within the holed module. As such, a large amount of American research was inaccessible, reducing the science that could be performed.<a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a> The safety issues caused NASA to reconsider the future of the program at various times. The agency eventually decided to continue and came under fire from various areas of the press regarding that decision.<a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attitudes">Attitudes</h3></div>

Attitudes of the Russian space program and NASA towards Phase One were also of concern to the astronauts involved. Because of Russia's financial issues, many workers at the <a href="Mission_Control_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Mission Control Center">TsUP</a> felt that the mission hardware and continuation of Mir was more important than the lives of the cosmonauts aboard the station. As such the program was run very differently compared to American programs: cosmonauts had their days being planned for them to the minute, actions (such as docking) which would be performed manually by shuttle pilots were all carried out automatically, and cosmonauts had their pay docked if they made any errors during their flights. Americans learned aboard <a href="Skylab" title="Skylab">Skylab</a> and earlier space missions that this level of control was not productive and had since made mission plans more flexible. The Russians, however, would not budge, and many felt that significant work time was lost because of this.<a href="#cite_note-Dragonfly-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a>

Following the two accidents in 1997, astronaut <a href="Jerry_Linenger" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerry Linenger">Jerry Linenger</a> felt that the Russian authorities attempted a cover-up to downplay the significance of the incidents, fearing that the Americans would back out of the partnership. A large part of this "cover-up" was the seeming impression that the American astronauts were not in fact "partners" aboard the station, but were instead "guests". NASA staff did not find out for several hours about the fire and collision and found themselves kept out of decision-making processes. NASA became more involved when Russian mission controllers intended to place blame for the accident entirely on <a href="Vasily_Tsibliyev" title="Vasily Tsibliyev">Vasily Tsibliyev</a>. It was only after the application of significant pressure from NASA that this stance was changed.<a href="#cite_note-Dragonfly-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-OffPlanet-11">[10]</a>

At various times during the program, NASA managers and personnel found themselves limited in terms of resources and manpower, particularly as Phase Two geared up, and had a hard time getting anywhere with NASA administration. One particular area of contention was with crew assignments to missions. Many astronauts allege that the method of selection prevented the most skilled people from performing roles they were best-suited for.<a href="#cite_note-Dragonfly-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-OffPlanet-11">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finances">Finances</h3></div>

Since the <a href="Breakup_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Breakup of the Soviet Union">breakup of the Soviet Union</a> a few years earlier, the <a href="Economy_of_Russia" title="Economy of Russia">Russian economy</a> had been slowly collapsing and the budget for space exploration was reduced by around 80%. Before and after Phase One, a great deal of Russia's space finances came from flights of astronauts from <a href="ESA" class="mw-redirect" title="ESA">Europe</a> and other countries, with one Japanese <a href="Television_station" title="Television station">TV station</a> paying $9.5 million to have one of their reporters, <a href="Toyohiro_Akiyama" title="Toyohiro Akiyama">Toyohiro Akiyama</a>, flown aboard Mir.<a href="#cite_note-Dragonfly-10">[9]</a> By the start of Phase One, cosmonauts regularly found their missions extended to save money on launchers, the six-yearly flights of the <a href="Progress_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Progress spacecraft">Progress</a> had been reduced to three, and there was a distinct possibility of Mir being sold for around $500 million.<a href="#cite_note-Dragonfly-10">[9]</a>

Critics argued that the $325 million contract NASA had with Russia was the only thing keeping the Russian space program alive, and only the Space Shuttle was keeping Mir aloft. NASA also had to pay hefty fees for <a href="Training_manual" title="Training manual">training manuals</a> and equipment used by astronauts training at <a href="Star_City%2C_Russia" title="Star City, Russia">Star City</a>.<a href="#cite_note-OffPlanet-11">[10]</a> Problems came to a head when <a href="American_Broadcasting_Company" title="American Broadcasting Company">ABC's</a> Nightline revealed that there was a distinct possibility of embezzlement of American finances by the Russian authorities in order to build a suite of new cosmonaut houses in <a href="Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, or else that the building projects were being funded by the <a href="Russian_Mafia" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Mafia">Russian Mafia</a>. NASA administrator Goldin was invited onto Nightline to defend the homes but he refused to comment. NASA's office for external affairs was quoted as saying, "What Russia does with its own money is their business."<a href="#cite_note-Dragonfly-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_heaviest_spacecraft" title="List of heaviest spacecraft">List of heaviest spacecraft</a></li>

<li><a href="Skylab_4" title="Skylab 4">Skylab 4</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

This article incorporates <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jsc.nasa.gov/policies.html#Guidelines">public domain material</a> from websites or documents of the <a href="National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="National Aeronautics and Space Administration">National Aeronautics and Space Administration</a>.

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<li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBen_Evans2007" class="citation book cs1">Ben Evans (2007). Space Shuttle Challenger: Ten Journeys into the Unknown. Warwickshire, United Kingdom: Springer-Praxis. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-387-46355-1</bdi>. <a href="Amazon_Standard_Identification_Number" title="Amazon Standard Identification Number">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/0387463550">0387463550</a>.</cite>

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</ol></div></div><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha">

<li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> Like the earlier Apollo–Soyuz program, the Russian language version presents its vehicle name first, so the literal translation is ‘program “Mir”–“Shuttle”’

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000815204932/http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/history/shuttle-mir/">History of Shuttle–Mir</a> (NASA)</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4225/nasa4/nasa4.htm">Diary of Linenger Increment</a> (NASA)</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jamesoberg.com/mirlessons.html">Shuttle–Mir's Lessons for the International Space Station James Oberg, Contributing Editor, SPECTRUM magazine June 1998, pp. 28–37</a></li></ul>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Shuttle–Mir_program116" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Shuttle–Mir_program116" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spacecraft</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a></li>

<li><a href="Soyuz_(spacecraft)" title="Soyuz (spacecraft)">Soyuz</a></li></ul>

</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Soyuz_TM-21" title="Soyuz TM-21">Soyuz TM-21</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Increments">Increments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Norman_Thagard" title="Norman Thagard">Thagard</a></li>

<li><a href="Shannon_Lucid" title="Shannon Lucid">Lucid</a></li>

<li><a href="John_E._Blaha" title="John E. Blaha">Blaha</a></li>

<li><a href="Jerry_M._Linenger" title="Jerry M. Linenger">Linenger</a></li>

<li><a href="Michael_Foale" title="Michael Foale">Foale</a></li>

<li><a href="Andy_Thomas" title="Andy Thomas">Thomas</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Components_of_Mir125" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Components_of_Mir125" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Components of <a href="Mir" title="Mir">Mir</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Soviet modules</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Mir_Core_Module" title="Mir Core Module">Core module</a></li>

<li><a href="Kvant-1" title="Kvant-1">Kvant-1</a></li>

<li><a href="Kvant-2" title="Kvant-2">Kvant-2</a></li>

<li><a href="Kristall" title="Kristall">Kristall</a></li></ul>

</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russian/American modules</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Spektr" title="Spektr">Spektr</a></li>

<li><a href="Mir_Docking_Module" title="Mir Docking Module">Docking module</a></li>

<li><a href="Priroda" title="Priroda">Priroda</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other subsystems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Lyappa_arm" title="Lyappa arm">Lyappa arm</a></li>

<li><a href="Strela_(crane)" title="Strela (crane)">Strela crane</a></li>

<li><a href="Luch_(satellite)" title="Luch (satellite)">Luch satellites</a></li>

<li><a href="Mir_Environmental_Effects_Payload" title="Mir Environmental Effects Payload">Mir Environmental Effects Payload</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Visiting spacecraft</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Soyuz_(spacecraft)" title="Soyuz (spacecraft)">Soyuz</a></li>

<li><a href="Progress_(spacecraft)" title="Progress (spacecraft)">Progress</a> (<a href="VBK-Raduga" title="VBK-Raduga">VBK-Raduga</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Shuttle-Mir_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Shuttle-Mir Program">Shuttle-Mir programme</a></li>

<li><a href="Deorbit_of_Mir" title="Deorbit of Mir">Deorbit of Mir</a></li>

<li><a href="MirCorp" class="mw-redirect" title="MirCorp">MirCorp</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_human_spaceflights_to_Mir" title="List of human spaceflights to Mir">List of human spaceflights to Mir</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_uncrewed_spaceflights_to_Mir" title="List of uncrewed spaceflights to Mir">List of uncrewed spaceflights to Mir</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Mir_expeditions" title="List of Mir expeditions">List of Mir expeditions</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Mir_spacewalks" title="List of Mir spacewalks">List of Mir spacewalks</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Mir_visitors" title="List of Mir visitors">List of Mir visitors</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Human_spaceflights_to_Mir100" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Human_spaceflights_to_Mir100" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="List_of_human_spaceflights_to_Mir" title="List of human spaceflights to Mir">Human spaceflights</a> to <a href="Mir" title="Mir">Mir</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1986–1990</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent; text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Soyuz_T-15" title="Soyuz T-15">Soyuz T-15</a></li>

<li><a href="Soyuz_TM-2" title="Soyuz TM-2">Soyuz TM-2</a></li>

<li><a href="Soyuz_TM-3" title="Soyuz TM-3">Soyuz TM-3</a></li>

<li><a href="Soyuz_TM-4" title="Soyuz TM-4">Soyuz TM-4</a></li>

<li><a href="Soyuz_TM-5" title="Soyuz TM-5">Soyuz TM-5</a></li>

<li><a href="Soyuz_TM-6" title="Soyuz TM-6">Soyuz TM-6</a></li>

<li><a href="Soyuz_TM-7" title="Soyuz TM-7">Soyuz TM-7</a></li>

<li><a href="Soyuz_TM-8" title="Soyuz TM-8">Soyuz TM-8</a></li>

<li><a href="Soyuz_TM-9" title="Soyuz TM-9">Soyuz TM-9</a></li>

<li><a href="Soyuz_TM-10" title="Soyuz TM-10">Soyuz TM-10</a></li>

<li><a href="Soyuz_TM-11" title="Soyuz TM-11">Soyuz TM-11</a></li></ul>

</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1991–1995</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent; text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Soyuz_TM-12" title="Soyuz TM-12">Soyuz TM-12</a></li>

<li><a href="Soyuz_TM-13" title="Soyuz TM-13">Soyuz TM-13</a></li>

<li><a href="Soyuz_TM-14" title="Soyuz TM-14">Soyuz TM-14</a></li>

<li><a href="Soyuz_TM-15" title="Soyuz TM-15">Soyuz TM-15</a></li>

<li><a href="Soyuz_TM-16" title="Soyuz TM-16">Soyuz TM-16</a></li>

<li><a href="Soyuz_TM-17" title="Soyuz TM-17">Soyuz TM-17</a></li>

<li><a href="Soyuz_TM-18" title="Soyuz TM-18">Soyuz TM-18</a></li>

<li><a href="Soyuz_TM-19" title="Soyuz TM-19">Soyuz TM-19</a></li>

<li><a href="Soyuz_TM-20" title="Soyuz TM-20">Soyuz TM-20</a></li>

<li><a href="Soyuz_TM-21" title="Soyuz TM-21">Soyuz TM-21</a></li>

<li><a href="Soyuz_TM-22" title="Soyuz TM-22">Soyuz TM-22</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1996–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent; text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Soyuz_TM-23" title="Soyuz TM-23">Soyuz TM-23</a></li>

<li><a href="Soyuz_TM-24" title="Soyuz TM-24">Soyuz TM-24</a></li>

<li><a href="Soyuz_TM-25" title="Soyuz TM-25">Soyuz TM-25</a></li>

<li><a href="Soyuz_TM-26" title="Soyuz TM-26">Soyuz TM-26</a></li>

<li><a href="Soyuz_TM-27" title="Soyuz TM-27">Soyuz TM-27</a></li>

<li><a href="Soyuz_TM-28" title="Soyuz TM-28">Soyuz TM-28</a></li>

<li><a href="Soyuz_TM-29" title="Soyuz TM-29">Soyuz TM-29</a></li>

<li><a href="Soyuz_TM-30" title="Soyuz TM-30">Soyuz TM-30</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Space_Shuttle_program335" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Space_Shuttle_program335" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Space_Shuttle_program" title="Space Shuttle program">Space Shuttle program</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><a href="Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Space_Shuttle_missions" title="List of Space Shuttle missions">List of missions</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Space_Shuttle_crews" title="List of Space Shuttle crews">List of crews</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Space_Shuttle_orbiter" title="Space Shuttle orbiter">Orbiter</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_Shuttle_Solid_Rocket_Booster" title="Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Booster">Solid Rocket Booster</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_Shuttle_external_tank" title="Space Shuttle external tank">External tank</a></li>

<li><a href="RS-25" title="RS-25">Main engine</a></li>

<li><a href="Orbital_Maneuvering_System" title="Orbital Maneuvering System">Orbital Maneuvering System</a></li>

<li><a href="Reaction_control_system" title="Reaction control system">Reaction control system</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_Shuttle_thermal_protection_system" title="Space Shuttle thermal protection system">Thermal protection system</a></li>

<li><a href="Booster_separation_motor" title="Booster separation motor">Booster separation motor</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Space_Shuttle_orbiter" title="Space Shuttle orbiter">Orbiters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Space_Shuttle_Enterprise" title="Space Shuttle Enterprise">Enterprise</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_Shuttle_Columbia" title="Space Shuttle Columbia">Columbia</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_Shuttle_Challenger" title="Space Shuttle Challenger">Challenger</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_Shuttle_Discovery" title="Space Shuttle Discovery">Discovery</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_Shuttle_Atlantis" title="Space Shuttle Atlantis">Atlantis</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_Shuttle_Endeavour" title="Space Shuttle Endeavour">Endeavour</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Add-ons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Spacelab" title="Spacelab">Spacelab</a> (ESA)</li>

<li><a href="Canadarm" title="Canadarm">Canadarm</a> (CSA)</li>

<li><a href="Extended_Duration_Orbiter" title="Extended Duration Orbiter">Extended Duration Orbiter</a></li>

<li><a href="STS-3xx#Remote_Control_Orbiter" title="STS-3xx">Remote Controlled Orbiter</a></li>

<li><a href="Spacehab" class="mw-redirect" title="Spacehab">Spacehab</a></li>

<li><a href="Multi-Purpose_Logistics_Module" title="Multi-Purpose Logistics Module">Multi-Purpose Logistics Module</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_39" title="Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39">Launch Complex 39</a>

<li><a href="Vandenberg_Air_Force_Base_Space_Launch_Complex_6" class="mw-redirect" title="Vandenberg Air Force Base Space Launch Complex 6">Space Launch Complex 6</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Space_Shuttle_landing_sites" title="List of Space Shuttle landing sites">Landing sites</a>

<ul><li><a href="Shuttle_Landing_Facility" title="Shuttle Landing Facility">Shuttle Landing Facility</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_Shuttle_abort_modes#Emergency_landing_sites" title="Space Shuttle abort modes">Abort landing sites</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operations and training</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_Space_Shuttle_missions" title="List of Space Shuttle missions">Missions</a> (<a href="Canceled_Space_Shuttle_missions" title="Canceled Space Shuttle missions">canceled</a>)</li>

<li><a href="List_of_Space_Shuttle_crews" title="List of Space Shuttle crews">Crews</a></li>

<li><a href="Timeline_of_Space_Shuttle_missions" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Space Shuttle missions">Mission timeline</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Space_Shuttle_rollbacks" title="List of Space Shuttle rollbacks">Rollbacks</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_Shuttle_abort_modes" title="Space Shuttle abort modes">Abort modes</a></li>

<li><a href="Rendezvous_pitch_maneuver" title="Rendezvous pitch maneuver">Rendezvous pitch maneuver</a></li>

<li><a href="Shuttle_Mission_Simulator" title="Shuttle Mission Simulator">Shuttle Mission Simulator</a></li>

<li><a href="Shuttle_Training_Aircraft" title="Shuttle Training Aircraft">Shuttle Training Aircraft</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Testing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Space_Shuttle_Inspiration" title="Space Shuttle Inspiration">Inspiration (design)</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_Shuttle_Pathfinder" title="Space Shuttle Pathfinder">Pathfinder (simulator)</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_Shuttle_Main_Propulsion_Test_Article" title="Space Shuttle Main Propulsion Test Article">MPTA (engine test article)</a></li>

<li><a href="Approach_and_Landing_Tests" title="Approach and Landing Tests">Approach and Landing Tests</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Disasters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Space_Shuttle_Challenger_disaster" title="Space Shuttle Challenger disaster">Challenger disaster</a> (<a href="Rogers_Commission_Report" title="Rogers Commission Report">report</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Space_Shuttle_Columbia_disaster" title="Space Shuttle Columbia disaster">Columbia disaster</a> (<a href="Columbia_Accident_Investigation_Board" title="Columbia Accident Investigation Board">report</a>)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Support</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Crawler-transporter" title="Crawler-transporter">Crawler-transporter</a></li>

<li><a href="Mate-Demate_Device" title="Mate-Demate Device">Mate-Demate Device</a></li>

<li><a href="Mobile_launcher_platform#Apollo_and_Space_Shuttle" title="Mobile launcher platform">Mobile Launcher Platform</a></li>

<li><a href="NASA_recovery_ship" title="NASA recovery ship">NASA recovery ship</a></li>

<li><a href="Orbiter_Processing_Facility" title="Orbiter Processing Facility">Orbiter Processing Facility</a></li>

<li><a href="Shuttle_Avionics_Integration_Laboratory" title="Shuttle Avionics Integration Laboratory">Shuttle Avionics Integration Laboratory (SAIL)</a></li>

<li><a href="Shuttle_Carrier_Aircraft" title="Shuttle Carrier Aircraft">Shuttle Carrier Aircraft</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_Shuttle_Carrier_Aircraft_flights" title="List of Shuttle Carrier Aircraft flights">flights</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Shuttle_Training_Aircraft" title="Shuttle Training Aircraft">Shuttle Training Aircraft</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Special</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="STS-61-A" title="STS-61-A">Deutschland-1</a></li>

<li><a href="Getaway_Special" title="Getaway Special">Getaway Special</a></li>

<li><a href="Journalist_in_Space_Project" title="Journalist in Space Project">Journalist in Space Project</a></li>

<li><a href="Teacher_in_Space_Project" title="Teacher in Space Project">Teacher in Space Project</a></li>

<li><a href="Hitchhiker_Program" title="Hitchhiker Program">Hitchhiker</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Space suits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Extravehicular_Mobility_Unit" title="Extravehicular Mobility Unit">Extravehicular Mobility Unit</a></li>

<li><a href="Shuttle_Ejection_Escape_Suit" title="Shuttle Ejection Escape Suit">Shuttle Ejection Escape Suit</a></li>

<li><a href="Launch_Entry_Suit" title="Launch Entry Suit">Launch Entry Suit</a></li>

<li><a href="Advanced_Crew_Escape_Suit" title="Advanced Crew Escape Suit">Advanced Crew Escape Suit</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Experiments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Freestar_experiment" title="Freestar experiment">Freestar experiments</a></li>

<li><a href="Inflatable_Antenna_Experiment" title="Inflatable Antenna Experiment">Inflatable Antenna Experiment</a></li>

<li><a href="Spartan_Packet_Radio_Experiment" title="Spartan Packet Radio Experiment">Spartan Packet Radio Experiment</a></li>

<li><a href="Shuttle_pallet_satellite" title="Shuttle pallet satellite">Shuttle pallet satellite</a></li>

<li><a href="Wake_Shield_Facility" title="Wake Shield Facility">Wake Shield Facility</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Shuttle-Derived_Vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Shuttle-Derived Vehicle">Derivatives</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Saturn-Shuttle" title="Saturn-Shuttle">Saturn-Shuttle</a></li>

<li><a href="Magnum_(rocket)" title="Magnum (rocket)">Magnum</a></li>

<li><a href="Shuttle-Derived_Heavy_Lift_Launch_Vehicle" title="Shuttle-Derived Heavy Lift Launch Vehicle">Shuttle-Derived Heavy Lift Launch Vehicle</a></li>

<li><a href="Jupiter_(rocket_family)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter (rocket family)">Jupiter</a></li>

<li><a href="Shuttle-C" title="Shuttle-C">Shuttle-C</a></li>

<li><a href="Shuttle-Centaur" title="Shuttle-Centaur">Shuttle-Centaur</a></li>

<li>Ares

<li><a href="Liberty_(rocket)" title="Liberty (rocket)">Liberty</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_Launch_System" title="Space Launch System">Space Launch System</a></li>

<li><a href="OmegA" title="OmegA">OmegA</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Replicas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Space_Shuttle_Independence" title="Space Shuttle Independence">Independence</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Space_Shuttle_design_process" title="Space Shuttle design process">Space Shuttle design process</a>

<ul><li><a href="Studied_Space_Shuttle_designs" title="Studied Space Shuttle designs">studied designs</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Inertial_Upper_Stage" title="Inertial Upper Stage">Inertial Upper Stage</a></li>

<li><a href="Payload_Assist_Module" title="Payload Assist Module">Payload Assist Module</a></li>

<li><a href="International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a></li>

<li><a href="Criticism_of_the_Space_Shuttle_program" title="Criticism of the Space Shuttle program">Criticism</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_Shuttle_retirement" title="Space Shuttle retirement">Retirement</a></li>

<li><a href="Conroy_Virtus" title="Conroy Virtus">Conroy Virtus</a></li>

<li><a href="Hail_Columbia_(film)" title="Hail Columbia (film)">Hail Columbia</a> (1982 documentary)</li>

<li><a href="The_Dream_Is_Alive" title="The Dream Is Alive">The Dream Is Alive</a> (1985 documentary)</li>

<li><a href="Challenger_(1990_film)" title="Challenger (1990 film)">Challenger</a> (1990 film)</li>

<li><a href="Destiny_in_Space" title="Destiny in Space">Destiny in Space</a> (1994 documentary)</li>

<li><a href="Columbia%3A_The_Tragic_Loss" title="Columbia: The Tragic Loss">Columbia: The Tragic Loss</a> (2004 documentary)</li>

<li><a href="Hubble_(film)" title="Hubble (film)">Hubble</a> (2010 documentary)</li>

<li><a href="The_Challenger_Disaster" title="The Challenger Disaster">The Challenger Disaster</a> (2013 film)</li>

<li><a href="Challenger%3A_The_Final_Flight" title="Challenger: The Final Flight">Challenger: The Final Flight</a> (2020 documentary miniseries)</li>

<li><a href="Space_Shuttle_America" title="Space Shuttle America">Space Shuttle America</a></li>

<li><a href="Rendezvous%3A_A_Space_Shuttle_Simulation" title="Rendezvous: A Space Shuttle Simulation">Rendezvous: A Space Shuttle Simulation</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_Shuttle_Project" title="Space Shuttle Project">Space Shuttle Project</a></li>

<li><a href="Shuttle_(video_game)" title="Shuttle (video game)">Shuttle</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_Shuttle%3A_A_Journey_into_Space" title="Space Shuttle: A Journey into Space">Space Shuttle: A Journey into Space</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_Shuttle_Mission_2007" title="Space Shuttle Mission 2007">Space Shuttle Mission 2007</a></li>

<li><a href="Orbiter_(simulator)" title="Orbiter (simulator)">Orbiter Space Flight Simulator</a></li>

<li><a href="When_We_Left_Earth%3A_The_NASA_Missions" title="When We Left Earth: The NASA Missions">When We Left Earth: The NASA Missions</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wiki.flightgear.org/Space%20Shuttle">Flightgear Space Shuttle realistic simulation </a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Soviet_and_Russian_government_human_spaceflight_programs135" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Soviet_and_Russian_government_human_spaceflight_programs135" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviet</a> and <a href="Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos">Russian</a> government human spaceflight programs</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Soyuz_programme" title="Soyuz programme">Soyuz</a></li>

<li><a href="International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">ISS</a> (joint)

<ul><li><a href="Russian_Orbital_Segment" title="Russian Orbital Segment">Russian Orbital Segment</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Vostok_programme" title="Vostok programme">Vostok</a></li>

<li><a href="Voskhod_programme" title="Voskhod programme">Voskhod</a></li>

<li><a href="Salyut_programme" title="Salyut programme">Salyut</a></li>

<li><a href="Almaz" title="Almaz">Almaz</a> (incorporated into Salyut program) / <a href="TKS_(spacecraft)" title="TKS (spacecraft)">TKS</a></li>

<li><a href="Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz_Test_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollo–Soyuz Test Project">Apollo–Soyuz</a> (joint) </li>

<ul><li> (joint) </li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cancelled</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Moon: <a href="Zond_program" title="Zond program">Zond (7K-L1)</a>, <a href="Soviet_human_lunar_programs" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet human lunar programs">N1-L3</a>, <a href="LK-700" title="LK-700">LK-700</a>, <a href="Zvezda_(moonbase)" title="Zvezda (moonbase)">Zvezda</a></li>

<li>Interplanetary: <a href="TMK" title="TMK">TMK</a>, <a href="Aelita_project" title="Aelita project">Aelita</a>, <a href="Martian_Piloted_Complex" title="Martian Piloted Complex">Martian Piloted Complex</a></li>

<li>Spaceplanes: <a href="Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-105" title="Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-105">Spiral</a>, <a href="Energia_(rocket)" title="Energia (rocket)">Energia</a> / <a href="Buran_programme" title="Buran programme">Buran</a>, <a href="MAKS_(spacecraft)" title="MAKS (spacecraft)">MAKS</a>, <a href="Kliper" title="Kliper">Kliper</a>, <a href="LKS_(Spaceship)" class="mw-redirect" title="LKS (Spaceship)">LKS</a>, <a href="Tupolev_Tu-2000" title="Tupolev Tu-2000">Tupolev Tu-2000</a></li>

<li>Capsules: <a href="Military_Soyuz#Soyuz_7K-VI_Zvezda" title="Military Soyuz">Zvezda</a>, <a href="Zarya_(spacecraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zarya (spacecraft)">Zarya</a></li>

<li>Space Stations: <a href="Orbital_Piloted_Assembly_and_Experiment_Complex" title="Orbital Piloted Assembly and Experiment Complex">OPSEK</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_Soyuz_missions" title="List of Soyuz missions">List of Soyuz missions</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Soviet_human_spaceflight_missions" title="List of Soviet human spaceflight missions">List of Soviet human spaceflight missions</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Russian_human_spaceflight_missions" title="List of Russian human spaceflight missions">List of Russian human spaceflight missions</a></li>

<li><a href="Astronaut_ranks_and_positions" title="Astronaut ranks and positions">Cosmonaut ranks and positions</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_human_spaceflight_programs98" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="United_States_human_spaceflight_programs98" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="United_States" title="United States">United States</a> <a href="Human_spaceflight_programs" title="Human spaceflight programs">human spaceflight programs</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Artemis_program" title="Artemis program">Artemis</a></li>

<li><a href="International_Space_Station_program" class="mw-redirect" title="International Space Station program">International Space Station</a>

<ul><li><a href="Commercial_Crew_Program" title="Commercial Crew Program">Commercial Crew</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Completed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Project_Mercury" title="Project Mercury">Mercury</a></li>

<li><a href="Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Gemini</a></li>

<li><a href="Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo</a></li>

<li><a href="Apollo_Applications_Program" title="Apollo Applications Program">Apollo Applications</a>

<ul><li><a href="Skylab" title="Skylab">Skylab</a></li>

<li><a href="Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz" title="Apollo–Soyuz">Apollo–Soyuz</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Space_Shuttle_program" title="Space Shuttle program">Space Shuttle</a>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Canceled</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Constellation_program" title="Constellation program">Constellation</a></li>

<li><a href="HL-20_Personnel_Launch_System" title="HL-20 Personnel Launch System">HL-20 Personnel Launch System</a></li>

<li><a href="Man_in_Space_Soonest" title="Man in Space Soonest">Man in Space Soonest</a></li>

<li><a href="Manned_Orbiting_Laboratory" title="Manned Orbiting Laboratory">Manned Orbiting Laboratory</a></li>

<li><a href="Orbital_Space_Plane_Program" title="Orbital Space Plane Program">Orbital Space Plane</a></li>

<li><a href="Project_Orion_(nuclear_propulsion)" title="Project Orion (nuclear propulsion)">Orion (nuclear)</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_Station_Freedom" title="Space Station Freedom">Freedom</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="NASA578" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="NASA578" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="Space_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Space policy of the United States">Policy</a> and history</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">History (<a href="Creation_of_NASA" title="Creation of NASA">creation</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Act" title="National Aeronautics and Space Act">National Aeronautics and Space Act</a> (1958)</li>

<li><a href="Space_Task_Group" title="Space Task Group">Space Task Group</a> (1958)</li>

<li><a href="Thomas_O._Paine#National_Commission_on_Space" title="Thomas O. Paine">Paine</a> (1986)</li>

<li><a href="Rogers_Commission_Report" title="Rogers Commission Report">Rogers</a> (1986)</li>

<li><a href="Space_Exploration_Initiative" title="Space Exploration Initiative">Space Exploration Initiative</a> (1989)</li>

<li><a href="Augustine_Committee" title="Augustine Committee">Augustine</a> (1990)</li>

<li><a href="Space_policy_of_the_United_States#Clinton_administration" title="Space policy of the United States">U.S. National Space Policy</a> (1996)</li>

<li><a href="Commission_on_the_Future_of_the_United_States_Aerospace_Industry" title="Commission on the Future of the United States Aerospace Industry">CFUSAI</a> (2002)</li>

<li><a href="Vision_for_Space_Exploration" title="Vision for Space Exploration">Vision for Space Exploration</a> (2004)</li>

<li><a href="President's_Commission_on_Implementation_of_United_States_Space_Exploration_Policy" title="President's Commission on Implementation of United States Space Exploration Policy">Aldridge</a> (2004)</li>

<li><a href="Review_of_United_States_Human_Space_Flight_Plans_Committee" title="Review of United States Human Space Flight Plans Committee">Augustine</a> (2009)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_administrators_and_deputy_administrators_of_NASA" class="mw-redirect" title="List of administrators and deputy administrators of NASA">Administrator and Deputy Administrator</a></li>

<li><a href="NASA_Chief_Scientist" title="NASA Chief Scientist">Chief Scientist</a></li>

<li><a href="NASA_Astronaut_Corps" title="NASA Astronaut Corps">Astronaut Corps</a>

<ul><li><a href="Astronaut_ranks_and_positions" title="Astronaut ranks and positions">Ranks and positions</a></li>

<li><a href="Chief_of_the_Astronaut_Office" title="Chief of the Astronaut Office">Chief</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Budget_of_NASA" title="Budget of NASA">Budget</a></li>

<li><a href="NASA_research" title="NASA research">NASA research</a>

<ul><li><a href="NASA_spinoff_technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="NASA spinoff technologies">spinoff technologies</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="NASA_Social" title="NASA Social">NASA Social</a></li>

<li><a href="Launch_Services_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Launch Services Program">Launch Services Program</a></li>

<li><a href="Mercury_Control_Center" title="Mercury Control Center">Mercury Control Center</a></li>

<li><a href="Manned_Space_Flight_Network" title="Manned Space Flight Network">Manned Space Flight Network</a></li>

<li><a href="Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy Space Center</a>

<ul><li><a href="Vehicle_Assembly_Building" title="Vehicle Assembly Building">Vehicle Assembly Building</a></li>

<li><a href="Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_39" title="Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39">Launch Complex 39</a></li>

<li><a href="Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_48" title="Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 48">Launch Complex 48</a></li>

<li><a href="Launch_Control_Center" title="Launch Control Center">Launch Control Center</a></li>

<li><a href="Operations_and_Checkout_Building" title="Operations and Checkout Building">Operations and Checkout Building</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Johnson_Space_Center" title="Johnson Space Center">Johnson Space Center</a>

<ul><li><a href="Christopher_C._Kraft_Jr._Mission_Control_Center" title="Christopher C. Kraft Jr. Mission Control Center">Mission Control</a></li>

<li><a href="Lunar_Sample_Laboratory_Facility" title="Lunar Sample Laboratory Facility">Lunar Sample Laboratory</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Science_Mission_Directorate" title="Science Mission Directorate">Science Mission Directorate</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">Human spaceflight</a> programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="North_American_X-15" title="North American X-15">X-15</a> (<a href="Sub-orbital_spaceflight" title="Sub-orbital spaceflight">suborbital</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Project_Mercury" title="Project Mercury">Mercury</a></li>

<li><a href="Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Gemini</a></li>

<li><a href="Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo</a></li>

<li><a href="Skylab" title="Skylab">Skylab</a></li>

<li><a href="Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz" title="Apollo–Soyuz">Apollo–Soyuz</a> (with the <a href="Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviet space program</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Space_Shuttle_program" title="Space Shuttle program">Space Shuttle</a></li>

<li> (with <a href="Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos">Roscosmos</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Constellation_program" title="Constellation program">Constellation</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="International_Space_Station_programme" title="International Space Station programme">International Space Station</a></li>

<li><a href="Commercial_Orbital_Transportation_Services" title="Commercial Orbital Transportation Services">Commercial Orbital Transportation Services</a></li>

<li><a href="Commercial_Crew_Program" title="Commercial Crew Program">Commercial Crew</a></li>

<li><a href="Orion_(spacecraft)" title="Orion (spacecraft)">Orion</a></li>

<li><a href="Artemis_program" title="Artemis program">Artemis</a></li>

<li><a href="Lunar_Gateway" title="Lunar Gateway">Lunar Gateway</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="Robotic_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Robotic spacecraft">Robotic</a> programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Hitchhiker_Program" title="Hitchhiker Program">Hitchhiker</a></li>

<li><a href="Mariner_program" title="Mariner program">Mariner</a></li>

<li><a href="Mariner_Mark_II" title="Mariner Mark II">Mariner Mark II</a></li>

<li><a href="MESUR" title="MESUR">MESUR</a></li>

<li><a href="Mars_Surveyor_'98" title="Mars Surveyor '98">Mars Surveyor '98</a></li>

<li><a href="New_Millennium_Program" title="New Millennium Program">New Millennium</a></li>

<li><a href="Lunar_Orbiter_program" title="Lunar Orbiter program">Lunar Orbiter</a></li>

<li><a href="Pioneer_program" title="Pioneer program">Pioneer</a></li>

<li><a href="Planetary_Observer_program" title="Planetary Observer program">Planetary Observer</a></li>

<li><a href="Ranger_program" title="Ranger program">Ranger</a></li>

<li><a href="Surveyor_program" title="Surveyor program">Surveyor</a></li>

<li><a href="Viking_program" title="Viking program">Viking</a></li>

<li><a href="Project_Prometheus" title="Project Prometheus">Project Prometheus</a></li>

<li><a href="Mars_Exploration_Program" title="Mars Exploration Program">Mars Exploration</a></li>

<li><a href="Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">Mars Exploration Rover</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Living_With_a_Star" title="Living With a Star">Living With a Star</a></li>

<li><a href="Lunar_Precursor_Robotic_Program" title="Lunar Precursor Robotic Program">Lunar Precursor Robotic Program</a></li>

<li><a href="Earth_Observing_System" title="Earth Observing System">Earth Observing System</a></li>

<li><a href="Great_Observatories_program" title="Great Observatories program">Great Observatories program</a></li>

<li><a href="Explorers_Program" title="Explorers Program">Explorers</a></li>

<li><a href="Voyager_program" title="Voyager program">Voyager</a></li>

<li><a href="Discovery_Program" title="Discovery Program">Discovery</a></li>

<li><a href="New_Frontiers_program" title="New Frontiers program">New Frontiers</a></li>

<li><a href="Solar_Terrestrial_Probes_program" title="Solar Terrestrial Probes program">Solar Terrestrial Probes</a></li>

<li><a href="Commercial_Lunar_Payload_Services" title="Commercial Lunar Payload Services">Commercial Lunar Payload Services</a></li>

<li><a href="Small_Innovative_Missions_for_Planetary_Exploration" title="Small Innovative Missions for Planetary Exploration">SIMPLEx</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Individual featured <a href="List_of_NASA_missions" title="List of NASA missions">missions</a> (human and robotic)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a></li>

<li><a href="Mercury-Redstone_3" title="Mercury-Redstone 3">Mercury 3</a></li>

<li><a href="Mercury-Atlas_6" title="Mercury-Atlas 6">Mercury-Atlas 6</a></li>

<li><a href="Magellan_(spacecraft)" title="Magellan (spacecraft)">Magellan</a></li>

<li><a href="Pioneer_10" title="Pioneer 10">Pioneer 10</a></li>

<li><a href="Pioneer_11" title="Pioneer 11">Pioneer 11</a></li>

<li><a href="Galileo_project" title="Galileo project">Galileo</a>

<ul><li><a href="Timeline_of_Galileo_(spacecraft)" title="Timeline of Galileo (spacecraft)">timeline</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="GALEX" title="GALEX">GALEX</a></li>

<li><a href="GRAIL" title="GRAIL">GRAIL</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a></li>

<li><a href="Spitzer_Space_Telescope" title="Spitzer Space Telescope">Spitzer Space Telescope</a></li>

<li><a href="Sojourner_(rover)" title="Sojourner (rover)">Sojourner rover</a></li>

<li><a href="Spirit_(rover)" title="Spirit (rover)">Spirit rover</a></li>

<li><a href="LADEE" title="LADEE">LADEE</a></li>

<li><a href="MESSENGER" title="MESSENGER">MESSENGER</a></li>

<li><a href="Aquarius_(SAC-D_instrument)" title="Aquarius (SAC-D instrument)">Aquarius</a></li>

<li><a href="Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens">Cassini</a></li>

<li><a href="Kepler_space_telescope" title="Kepler space telescope">Kepler space telescope</a></li>

<li><a href="Opportunity_(rover)" title="Opportunity (rover)">Opportunity rover</a>

<ul><li><a href="Timeline_of_Opportunity" title="Timeline of Opportunity">timeline</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_surface_features_of_Mars_visited_by_Spirit_and_Opportunity" title="List of surface features of Mars visited by Spirit and Opportunity">observed</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Ramaty_High_Energy_Solar_Spectroscopic_Imager" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager">RHESSI</a></li>

<li><a href="InSight" title="InSight">InSight</a></li>

<li><a href="Ingenuity_(helicopter)" title="Ingenuity (helicopter)">Ingenuity helicopter</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_Ingenuity_flights" title="List of Ingenuity flights">flights</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Currently operating</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter</a></li>

<li><a href="2001_Mars_Odyssey" title="2001 Mars Odyssey">2001 Mars Odyssey</a></li>

<li><a href="New_Horizons" title="New Horizons">New Horizons</a></li>

<li><a href="International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a></li>

<li><a href="Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a></li>

<li><a href="Chandra_X-ray_Observatory" title="Chandra X-ray Observatory">Chandra X-ray Observatory</a></li>

<li><a href="Neil_Gehrels_Swift_Observatory" title="Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory">Swift</a></li>

<li><a href="THEMIS" title="THEMIS">THEMIS</a></li>

<li><a href="Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">Mars Exploration Rover</a></li>

<li><a href="Curiosity_(rover)" title="Curiosity (rover)">Curiosity rover</a>

<ul><li><a href="Timeline_of_Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Timeline of Mars Science Laboratory">timeline</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Lunar_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter">Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter</a></li>

<li><a href="Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Mars Science Laboratory">Mars Science Laboratory</a>

<ul><li><a href="Timeline_of_Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Timeline of Mars Science Laboratory">timeline</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="NuSTAR" title="NuSTAR">NuSTAR</a></li>

<li><a href="Voyager_1" title="Voyager 1">Voyager 1</a></li>

<li><a href="Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2">Voyager 2</a></li>

<li><a href="MAVEN" title="MAVEN">MAVEN</a></li>

<li><a href="OSIRIS-REx" title="OSIRIS-REx">OSIRIS-APEX</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Perseverance_(rover)" title="Perseverance (rover)">Perseverance rover</a></li>

<li><a href="Timeline_of_Mars_2020" title="Timeline of Mars 2020">timeline</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="James_Webb_Space_Telescope" title="James Webb Space Telescope">James Webb Space Telescope</a>

<ul><li><a href="Timeline_of_the_James_Webb_Space_Telescope" title="Timeline of the James Webb Space Telescope">timeline</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Europa_Clipper" title="Europa Clipper">Europa Clipper</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Future</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="NISAR_(satellite)" title="NISAR (satellite)">NISAR</a></li>

<li><a href="Nancy_Grace_Roman_Space_Telescope" title="Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope">Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope</a></li>

<li><a href="DAVINCI" title="DAVINCI">DAVINCI</a></li>

<li><a href="VERITAS_(spacecraft)" title="VERITAS (spacecraft)">VERITAS</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="Space_Communications_and_Navigation_Program" title="Space Communications and Navigation Program">Communications and navigation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Near_Earth_Network" title="Near Earth Network">Near Earth Network</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_Network" title="Space Network">Space Network</a></li>

<li><a href="NASA_Deep_Space_Network" title="NASA Deep Space Network">Deep Space Network</a> (<a href="Goldstone_Deep_Space_Communications_Complex" title="Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex">Goldstone</a></li>

<li><a href="Madrid_Deep_Space_Communications_Complex" title="Madrid Deep Space Communications Complex">Madrid</a></li>

<li><a href="Canberra_Deep_Space_Communication_Complex" title="Canberra Deep Space Communication Complex">Canberra</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_Flight_Operations_Facility" title="Space Flight Operations Facility">Space Flight Operations Facility</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Deep_Space_Atomic_Clock" title="Deep Space Atomic Clock">Deep Space Atomic Clock</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">NASA lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Astronaut" title="Astronaut">Astronauts</a>

<li><a href="List_of_Gemini_astronauts" title="List of Gemini astronauts">Gemini astronauts</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Apollo_astronauts" title="List of Apollo astronauts">Apollo astronauts</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Space_Shuttle_crews" title="List of Space Shuttle crews">Space Shuttle crews</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="List_of_NASA_aircraft" title="List of NASA aircraft">NASA aircraft</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_NASA_missions" title="List of NASA missions">NASA missions</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_uncrewed_NASA_missions" title="List of uncrewed NASA missions">uncrewed missions</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Apollo_missions" title="List of Apollo missions">Apollo missions</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Space_Shuttle_missions" title="List of Space Shuttle missions">Space Shuttle missions</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="List_of_rockets_of_the_United_States" title="List of rockets of the United States">United States rockets</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_NASA_cancellations" title="List of NASA cancellations">NASA cancellations</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_NASA_cameras_on_spacecraft" title="List of NASA cameras on spacecraft">NASA cameras on spacecraft</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">NASA images and artwork</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Earthrise" title="Earthrise">Earthrise</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Blue_Marble" title="The Blue Marble">The Blue Marble</a></li>

<li><a href="Family_Portrait_(Voyager)" title="Family Portrait (Voyager)">Family Portrait</a>

<li><a href="Pillars_of_Creation" title="Pillars of Creation">Pillars of Creation</a></li>

<li><a href="Mystic_Mountain" title="Mystic Mountain">Mystic Mountain</a></li>

<li><a href="Family_Portrait_(MESSENGER)" title="Family Portrait (MESSENGER)">Solar System Family Portrait</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Day_the_Earth_Smiled" title="The Day the Earth Smiled">The Day the Earth Smiled</a></li>

<li><a href="Fallen_Astronaut" title="Fallen Astronaut">Fallen Astronaut</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_deep_fields" title="List of deep fields">Deep fields</a></li>

<li><a href="Lunar_plaque" title="Lunar plaque">Lunar plaques</a></li>

<li><a href="Pioneer_plaque" title="Pioneer plaque">Pioneer plaques</a></li>

<li><a href="Voyager_Golden_Record" title="Voyager Golden Record">Voyager Golden Record</a></li>

<li><a href="Apollo_11_goodwill_messages" title="Apollo 11 goodwill messages">Apollo 11 goodwill messages</a></li>

<li><a href="NASA_insignia" title="NASA insignia">NASA insignia</a></li>

<li><a href="NASA_space-flown_Gemini_and_Apollo_medallions" title="NASA space-flown Gemini and Apollo medallions">Gemini and Apollo medallions</a></li>

<li><a href="Mission_patch" title="Mission patch">Mission patches</a></li>

<li><a href="Astronomy_Picture_of_the_Day" title="Astronomy Picture of the Day">Astronomy Picture of the Day</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Hubble_Space_Telescope_anniversary_images" title="List of Hubble Space Telescope anniversary images">Hubble Space Telescope anniversary images</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>"<a href="We_choose_to_go_to_the_Moon" title="We choose to go to the Moon">We choose to go to the Moon</a>"</li>

<li><a href="Apollo_8_Genesis_reading" title="Apollo 8 Genesis reading">Apollo 8 Genesis reading</a></li>

<li><a href="Apollo_15_postal_covers_incident" title="Apollo 15 postal covers incident">Apollo 15 postal covers incident</a></li>

<li><a href="Apollo_Lunar_Module" title="Apollo Lunar Module">Apollo Lunar Module</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_Mirror_Memorial" title="Space Mirror Memorial">Space Mirror Memorial</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Astronaut_Monument" class="mw-redirect" title="The Astronaut Monument">The Astronaut Monument</a></li>

<li><a href="Lunar_sample_displays" title="Lunar sample displays">Lunar sample displays</a>

<ul><li><a href="Moon_rock" title="Moon rock">Moon rocks</a></li>

<li><a href="Stolen_and_missing_Moon_rocks" title="Stolen and missing Moon rocks">stolen or missing</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="United_States_Astronaut_Hall_of_Fame" title="United States Astronaut Hall of Fame">U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame</a></li>

<li><a href="U.S._space_exploration_history_on_U.S._stamps" title="U.S. space exploration history on U.S. stamps">Space program on U.S. stamps</a></li>

<li><a href="Fe%2C_Fi%2C_Fo%2C_Fum%2C_and_Phooey" title="Fe, Fi, Fo, Fum, and Phooey">Apollo 17 Moon mice</a></li>

<li><a href="Monkeys_and_apes_in_space#United_States" title="Monkeys and apes in space">Other primates in space</a></li>

<li><a href="NASA_International_Space_Apps_Challenge" title="NASA International Space Apps Challenge">NASA International Space Apps Challenge</a></li>

<li><a href="Astronauts_Day" title="Astronauts Day">Astronauts Day</a></li>

<li><a href="National_Astronaut_Day" title="National Astronaut Day">National Astronaut Day</a></li>

<li><a href="Nikon_NASA_F4" title="Nikon NASA F4">Nikon NASA F4</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div>

<ul><li> Category</li>

<li> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:NASA" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:NASA">Commons</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Russia&#124;link=Russia_Russia–United_States_relations_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_States&#124;link=United_States450" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Russia&#124;link=Russia_Russia–United_States_relations_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_States&#124;link=United_States450" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Russia" title="Russia"></a> <a href="Russia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Russia–United States relations">Russia–United States relations</a> <a href="United_States" title="United States"></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Diplomatic posts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Embassy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Embassy_of_Russia%2C_Washington%2C_D.C." title="Embassy of Russia, Washington, D.C.">Washington D.C.</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_ambassadors_of_Russia_to_the_United_States" title="List of ambassadors of Russia to the United States">Russian Ambassadors</a></li>

<li><a href="Russian_ambassador's_residence_in_Washington%2C_D.C." title="Russian ambassador's residence in Washington, D.C.">Mrs. George Pullman House</a></li></ul></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Embassy_of_the_United_States%2C_Moscow" title="Embassy of the United States, Moscow">Moscow</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_Russia" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to Russia">US Ambassadors</a></li>

<li><a href="Spaso_House" title="Spaso House">Spaso House</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Consulates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Consulate_General_of_Russia%2C_Houston" title="Consulate General of Russia, Houston">Houston</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="John_Henry_Hammond_House" title="John Henry Hammond House">John Hammond House</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Consulate_General_of_Russia%2C_San_Francisco" title="Consulate General of Russia, San Francisco">San Francisco</a></li>

<li><a href="Consulate_General_of_Russia%2C_Seattle" title="Consulate General of Russia, Seattle">Seattle</a>

<ul><li><a href="Samuel_Hyde_House" title="Samuel Hyde House">Samuel Hyde House</a></li></ul></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Consulate_General_of_the_United_States%2C_Saint_Petersburg" title="Consulate General of the United States, Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a></li>

<li><a href="Consulate_General_of_the_United_States%2C_Vladivostok" title="Consulate General of the United States, Vladivostok">Vladivostok</a></li>

<li><a href="Consulate_General_of_the_United_States%2C_Yekaterinburg" title="Consulate General of the United States, Yekaterinburg">Yekaterinburg</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Russia_and_the_United_Nations" title="Russia and the United Nations">United Nations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Permanent_Mission_of_Russia_to_the_United_Nations" title="Permanent Mission of Russia to the United Nations">Headquarters</a>

<ul><li><a href="Permanent_Representative_of_Russia_to_the_United_Nations" title="Permanent Representative of Russia to the United Nations">Representatives</a></li>

<li><a href="Russian_Mission_Residency" title="Russian Mission Residency">Russian Mission Residency</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Elmcroft_Estate" title="Elmcroft Estate">Elmcroft Estate</a></li>

<li><a href="Killenworth" title="Killenworth">Killenworth</a></li>

<li><a href="Lothrop_Mansion" title="Lothrop Mansion">Lothrop Mansion</a></li>

<li><a href="Pioneer_Point%2C_Maryland" title="Pioneer Point, Maryland">Pioneer Point</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Diplomacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Treaties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="United_States_%E2%80%93_Russia_mutual_detargeting" title="United States – Russia mutual detargeting">Kremlin accords</a></li>

<li><a href="Megatons_to_Megawatts_Program" title="Megatons to Megawatts Program">Megatons to Megawatts Program</a></li>

<li><a href="New_START" title="New START">New START</a></li>

<li><a href="START_II" title="START II">START II</a></li>

<li><a href="START_III" title="START III">START III</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="List_of_Russia%E2%80%93United_States_summits" title="List of Russia–United States summits">Summits</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Moscow_Summit_(1998)" title="Moscow Summit (1998)">1998 Moscow Summit</a></li>

<li><a href="Slovenia_Summit_2001" title="Slovenia Summit 2001">2001 Slovenia Summit</a></li>

<li><a href="Slovakia_Summit_2005" title="Slovakia Summit 2005">2005 Slovakia Summit</a></li>

<li><a href="2018_Russia%E2%80%93United_States_summit" class="mw-redirect" title="2018 Russia–United States summit">2018 Helsinki Summit</a></li>

<li><a href="2021_Russia%E2%80%93United_States_summit" class="mw-redirect" title="2021 Russia–United States summit">2021 Geneva Summit</a></li>

<li>2025 Alaska Summit</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Prisoner Exchanges</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="2024_Ankara_prisoner_exchange" title="2024 Ankara prisoner exchange">2024 Ankara exchange</a></li>

<li><a href="Illegals_Program#Prisoner_exchange" title="Illegals Program">Illegals Program exchange</a></li>

<li><a href="Marc_Fogel#Release_from_detainment" title="Marc Fogel">Marc Fogel exchange</a></li>

<li><a href="Arrest_of_Trevor_Reed#Release" title="Arrest of Trevor Reed">Trevor Reed exchange</a></li>

<li><a href="Viktor_Bout%E2%80%93Brittney_Griner_prisoner_exchange" title="Viktor Bout–Brittney Griner prisoner exchange">Viktor Bout–Brittney Griner exchange</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="2017_St._Petersburg_raid" title="2017 St. Petersburg raid">2017 St. Petersburg raid</a></li>

<li><a href="5%2B2_format" title="5+2 format">5+2 format</a></li>

<li><a href="Arctic_Council" title="Arctic Council">Arctic Council</a></li>

<li><a href="Arctic_Ocean_Conference" title="Arctic Ocean Conference">Arctic Ocean Conference</a>

<ul><li><a href="Ilulissat_Declaration" title="Ilulissat Declaration">Ilulissat Declaration</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Bureau_of_European_and_Eurasian_Affairs" title="Bureau of European and Eurasian Affairs">Bureau of European and Eurasian Affairs</a></li>

<li><a href="Center_on_Global_Interests" title="Center on Global Interests">Center on Global Interests</a></li>

<li><a href="Global_Initiative_to_Combat_Nuclear_Terrorism" title="Global Initiative to Combat Nuclear Terrorism">Global Initiative to Combat Nuclear Terrorism</a></li>

<li><a href="Gore-Chernomyrdin_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Gore-Chernomyrdin Commission">Gore-Chernomyrdin Commission</a></li>

<li><a href="Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action</a></li>

<li><a href="Moscow%E2%80%93Washington_hotline" title="Moscow–Washington hotline">Moscow–Washington hotline</a></li>

<li><a href="New_Great_Game" title="New Great Game">New Great Game</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Provide_Hope" title="Operation Provide Hope">Operation Provide Hope</a></li>

<li><a href="RIMPAC" title="RIMPAC">RIMPAC</a></li>

<li><a href="Russian_reset" title="Russian reset">Russian reset</a>

<ul><li><a href="Obama%E2%80%93Medvedev_Commission" title="Obama–Medvedev Commission">Obama–Medvedev Commission</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Second_Cold_War" title="Second Cold War">Second Cold War</a></li>

<li><a href="Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a>

<ul><li><a href="Destruction_of_Syria's_chemical_weapons" title="Destruction of Syria's chemical weapons">Destruction of Syria's chemical weapons</a></li>

<li><a href="U.S.%E2%80%93Russia_peace_proposals_on_Syria" title="U.S.–Russia peace proposals on Syria">U.S.–Russia peace proposals</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Territorial_claims_in_the_Arctic" title="Territorial claims in the Arctic">Territorial claims in the Arctic</a></li>

<li><a href="United_States_and_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="United States and the Russian invasion of Ukraine">United States and the Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li>

<li><a href="U.S.%E2%80%93Russia_Joint_Commission_on_POW/MIAs" title="U.S.–Russia Joint Commission on POW/MIAs">U.S.–Russia Joint Commission on POW/MIAs</a></li>

<li><a href="USSR%E2%80%93USA_Maritime_Boundary_Agreement" title="USSR–USA Maritime Boundary Agreement">USSR–USA Maritime Boundary Agreement</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Historical Relations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Soviet_Union%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Soviet Union–United States relations">Soviet Union–United States</a></li>

<li><a href="Russian_Empire%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Russian Empire–United States relations">Russian Empire–United States</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Space</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Bion_(satellite)" title="Bion (satellite)">Bion satellites</a></li>

<li><a href="International_Launch_Services" title="International Launch Services">International Launch Services</a></li>

<li><a href="International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a></li>

<li><a href="Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos">Roscosmos</a></li>

<li><a href="Sea_Launch" title="Sea Launch">Sea Launch</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_Flight_Europe-America_500" title="Space Flight Europe-America 500">Space Flight Europe-America 500</a></li>

<li><a href="TOPAZ_nuclear_reactor#TOPAZ-II" title="TOPAZ nuclear reactor">TOPAZ-II</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Trade</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Amtorg_Trading_Corporation" title="Amtorg Trading Corporation">Amtorg</a></li>

<li><a href="Stanford_US%E2%80%93Russia_Forum" title="Stanford US–Russia Forum">Stanford US–Russia Forum</a></li>

<li><a href="The_U.S._Russia_Investment_Fund" title="The U.S. Russia Investment Fund">The U.S. Russia Investment Fund</a></li>

<li><a href="U.S.%E2%80%93Russia_Business_Council" title="U.S.–Russia Business Council">U.S.–Russia Business Council</a></li>

<li><a href="U.S._Russia_Foundation" title="U.S. Russia Foundation">U.S. Russia Foundation</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Anglo-American_School_of_Moscow" title="Anglo-American School of Moscow">Anglo-American School of Moscow</a>

<ul><li><a href="Anglo-American_School_of_St._Petersburg" title="Anglo-American School of St. Petersburg">St. Petersburg</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Anti-American_sentiment_in_Russia" title="Anti-American sentiment in Russia">Anti-American sentiment in Russia</a></li>

<li><a href="Congress_of_Russian_Americans" title="Congress of Russian Americans">Congress of Russian Americans</a></li>

<li><a href="Russian_Cultural_Center" title="Russian Cultural Center">Russian Cultural Center</a></li>

<li><a href="Russian_Embassy_School_in_Washington%2C_D.C." title="Russian Embassy School in Washington, D.C.">Russian Embassy School in Washington, D.C.</a></li>

<li><a href="Russian_Mission_School_in_New_York" title="Russian Mission School in New York">Russian Mission School in New York</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Legislation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Dima_Yakovlev_Law" title="Dima Yakovlev Law">Dima Yakovlev Law</a></li>

<li><a href="Guantanamo_List" title="Guantanamo List">Guantanamo List</a></li>

<li><a href="Russian_foreign_agent_law" title="Russian foreign agent law">Russian foreign agent law</a></li>

<li><a href="Russian_undesirable_organizations_law" title="Russian undesirable organizations law">Russian undesirable organizations law</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">United States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Countering_America's_Adversaries_Through_Sanctions_Act" title="Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act">Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act</a></li>

<li><a href="Defending_American_Security_from_Kremlin_Aggression_Act" title="Defending American Security from Kremlin Aggression Act">Defending American Security from Kremlin Aggression Act</a></li>

<li><a href="Defending_Elections_from_Threats_by_Establishing_Redlines_Act" title="Defending Elections from Threats by Establishing Redlines Act">Defending Elections from Threats by Establishing Redlines Act</a></li>

<li><a href="Executive_Order_14071" title="Executive Order 14071">Executive Order 14071</a></li>

<li><a href="Jackson%E2%80%93Vanik_amendment" title="Jackson–Vanik amendment">Jackson–Vanik amendment</a></li>

<li><a href="Magnitsky_Act" title="Magnitsky Act">Magnitsky Act</a></li>

<li><a href="Russian%E2%80%93Venezuelan_Threat_Mitigation_Act" title="Russian–Venezuelan Threat Mitigation Act">Russian–Venezuelan Threat Mitigation Act</a></li>

<li><a href="Task_Force_KleptoCapture" title="Task Force KleptoCapture">Task Force KleptoCapture</a></li>

<li><a href="Ukraine_Freedom_Support_Act_of_2014" title="Ukraine Freedom Support Act of 2014">Ukraine Freedom Support Act of 2014</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Intelligence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="American_espionage_in_the_Soviet_Union_and_Russian_Federation#Russian_Federation" title="American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation">American espionage in Russia</a></li>

<li><a href="Russian_espionage_in_the_United_States" title="Russian espionage in the United States">Russian espionage in the United States</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="2022%E2%80%932023_Pentagon_document_leaks" title="2022–2023 Pentagon document leaks">2022–2023 Pentagon document leaks</a></li>

<li><a href="Donald_Trump's_disclosures_of_classified_information" title="Donald Trump's disclosures of classified information">Donald Trump's disclosures of classified information</a></li>

<li><a href="Russian_interference_in_the_2016_United_States_elections" title="Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections">Russian interference in United States elections</a>

<ul><li><a href="Links_between_Trump_associates_and_Russian_officials" title="Links between Trump associates and Russian officials">Links between Trump associates and Russian officials</a></li>

<li><a href="Maria_Butina" title="Maria Butina">Maria Butina</a></li>

<li><a href="Steele_dossier" title="Steele dossier">Steele dossier</a></li>

<li><a href="Stephen_Holmes_(CIA)" title="Stephen Holmes (CIA)">Stephen Holmes</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="2023_Black_Sea_drone_incident" title="2023 Black Sea drone incident">Black Sea drone incident</a></li>

<li><a href="European_Deterrence_Initiative" title="European Deterrence Initiative">European Deterrence Initiative</a>

<ul><li><a href="Operation_Atlantic_Resolve" title="Operation Atlantic Resolve">Operation Atlantic Resolve</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Submarine_incident_off_Kildin_Island" title="Submarine incident off Kildin Island">Kildin Island submarine incident</a></li>

<li><a href="Submarine_incident_off_Kola_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Submarine incident off Kola Peninsula">Kola Peninsula submarine incident</a></li>

<li><a href="Norwegian_rocket_incident" title="Norwegian rocket incident">Norwegian rocket incident</a></li>

<li><a href="Incident_at_Pristina_airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Incident at Pristina airport">Pristina airport incident</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="2024_Tenet_Media_investigation" title="2024 Tenet Media investigation">2024 Tenet Media investigation</a></li>

<li><a href="Itar-Tass_Russian_News_Agency_v._Russian_Kurier%2C_Inc." title="Itar-Tass Russian News Agency v. Russian Kurier, Inc.">Itar-Tass Russian News Agency v. Russian Kurier, Inc.</a></li>

<li><a href="RM_Broadcasting" title="RM Broadcasting">RM Broadcasting</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Battle_of_Khasham" title="Battle of Khasham">Battle of Khasham</a></li>

<li><a href="Havana_syndrome" title="Havana syndrome">Havana syndrome</a></li>

<li><a href="1998_kidnapping_of_Mormon_missionaries_in_Saratov%2C_Russia" title="1998 kidnapping of Mormon missionaries in Saratov, Russia">Kidnapping of Mormon missionaries</a></li>

<li><a href="Lady_R_incident" title="Lady R incident">Lady R incident</a></li>

<li><a href="Poisoning_of_Sergei_and_Yulia_Skripal" title="Poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal">Poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal</a></li>

<li><a href="Russian_bounty_program" title="Russian bounty program">Russian bounty program</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Russian_detainees_at_Guantanamo_Bay" title="List of Russian detainees at Guantanamo Bay">Russian Guantanamo Bay detainees</a></li>

<li><a href="Russian_spies_in_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russian spies in the Russo-Ukrainian War">Russian spies in the Russo-Ukrainian War</a></li>

<li><a href="Strait_of_Juan_de_Fuca_laser_incident" title="Strait of Juan de Fuca laser incident">Strait of Juan de Fuca laser incident</a></li>

<li><a href="Zersetzung" title="Zersetzung">Zersetzung</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> Category</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2024-10-20" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Shuttle%E2%80%93Mir_program&oldid=1252268654">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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